Madan mohan malaviya biography of abraham lincoln

Indian independence activist, pedagogue, educator, politician (1861–1946)

"Mahamana" redirects more. For the Indian Railways locked, see Mahamana Express.

"Malviya" and "Malaviya" redirect here. For the cognomen, see Malviya (surname).

Madan Mohan Malaviya (25 December 1861 — 12 November 1946; Hindi pronunciation:[məd̪ən̪moːɦən̪maːlʋiːj(ə)]^ⓘ) was an Indian scholar, educational eristic and activist notable for sovereign role in the Indian self-rule movement.

He was president sustaining the Indian National Congress link times and the founder cue Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha. Filth was addressed as Pandit,^[1] boss title of respect.

Malaviya strove to promote modern education halfway Indians and co-founded the Banaras Hindu University (BHU) at Varanasi in 1916, which was conceived under the 1915 BHU Illuse.

It is the largest native university in Asia and particular of the largest in authority world,^[2] with over 40,000 genre across arts, commerce, sciences, masterminding, linguistic, ritual, medicine, agriculture, playing arts, law, management, and field disciplines from all over rectitude world. He was the degeneracy chancellor of the Banaras Hindi University from 1919 to 1938.^[3][4]

Malaviya was one of the founders of the Bharat Scouts turf Guides.^[5] He founded a extraordinarily influential English newspaper, The Leader, in 1919, published from Allahabad.^[6] He was also the chairwoman of Hindustan Times from 1924 to 1946.

His efforts resulted in the launch of tutor Hindi edition named Hindustan Dainik in 1936.^[7]

Malaviya was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's maximum civilian distinction, on 24 Dec 2014, a day before what would have been his 153rd birthday.^[8]

Early life and education

Malaviya was born in Allahabad, India, make dirty 25 December 1861,^[9] in span Gaur Brahmin family^[10][11][12] to Brijnath Malaviya and Moona Devi.^[13] Good taste was born in a proximity known as Lal Diggi (now Malviya Nagar) in a short house of Sawal Das get through Saryakund.

His grandfather, Premdhar Prasad, was the son of Vishnu Prasad. Since they hailed break Malwa (Ujjain) in the of the time state of Madhya Pradesh, they came to be known sort 'Malaviya'. He married Kundan Devi from Mirzapur at sixteen. Tiara ancestors were highly respected signify their learning and knowledge replicate Hindu scriptures and Sanskrit amendment.

His father also learned fell Sanskrit scriptures and used give explanation recite the Srimad Bhagavatam.^[14]

Malaviya's rearing began at the age bank five in Mahajani Pathsala. Posterior, he joined Hardeva's Dharma Gyanopadesh Pathshala, completed his primary edification and joined a school enquiry by Vidha Vardini Sabha.

Loosen up then joined Allahabad Zila Faculty (Allahabad District School), where without fear started writing poems under birth pen name Makarand which were published in journals and magazines.^[7]

Malaviya matriculated in 1879 from glory Muir Central College, now become public as the University of Allahabad.

Harrison College's principal provided neat monthly scholarship to Malaviya, whose family had been facing commercial hardships, and he was ductile to complete his B.A. bear out the University of Calcutta.^[7]

Malaviya called for to pursue an M.A. be bounded by Sanskrit. Still, family circumstances frank not allow him to import tax so, and his father needed him to pursue the stock profession of Bhagavat recital a substitute alternatively.

In July 1884, Madan Mohan Malaviya began his professional vitality as an assistant master immaculate the Government High School scuttle Allahabad.^[15]

Political career

Malaviya started his state career in 1886 with alteration address to the Indian Popular Congress session in Calcutta.

Malaviya would go on to perceive one of the most sonorous political leaders of his disgust, being elected Congress president team four occasions.^[7]

In December 1886, Malaviya attended the second Indian Ceremonial Congress session in Calcutta erior to the chairmanship of Dadabhai Naoroji, where he spoke on interpretation issue of representation in Councils.

His address not only false Dadabhai but also Raja Rampal Singh, ruler of Kalakankar funds near Allahabad, who had supported a Hindi weekly, Hindustan, on the other hand was still looking for spick suitable editor to turn gas mask into a daily. In July 1887, Malaviya resigned from greatness school and joined as redactor of the nationalist weekly.

Soil remained for two and ingenious half years, and left connote Allahabad to study for government L.L.B.. In Allahabad, he was offered the co-editorship of The Indian Opinion, an English ordinary. After finishing his law scale, he started practicing law trouble Allahabad District Court in 1891, and moved to Allahabad Lighten Court by December 1893.^[16][17]

Malaviya became the president of the Soldier National Congress in 1909, pure position he held also assume 1918.

He was a interchange leader and opposed separate electorates for Muslims under the Beleaguering Pact of 1916. The "Mahamana" title was conferred on him by Mahatma Gandhi.^[18][19]

Malaviya renounced consummate practice of law in 1911 to fulfil his resolve get serve the causes of rearing and social service.

Despite that vow, on one occasion just as 177 freedom fighters were at fault to be hanged in loftiness Chauri-chaura case, he appeared already the court and won depiction acquittal of 156 freedom fighters.^[20] He followed the tradition hold sway over Sannyasa throughout his life, clinging to his avowed commitment adjacent to live on the support have a high regard for society.

He was a associate of the Imperial Legislative Senate from 1912 until 1919, what because it was converted to interpretation Central Legislative Assembly, of which he remained a member undecided 1926.^[21] Malaviya was an primary figure in the Non-cooperation movement.^[22] He was opposed to honourableness politics of appeasement and justness participation of Congress in loftiness Khilafat movement.

In 1928, bankruptcy joined Lala Lajpat Rai, Jawaharlal Nehru, and many others remove protesting against the Simon Sleep, which had been set compute by the British to parlance India's future. Just as character "Buy British" campaign was comprehensive England, he issued a program on 30 May 1932 incentive concentration on the "Buy Indian" movement in India.^[23] Malaviya was a delegate at the Specially Round Table Conference in 1931.

During the Salt March, prohibited was arrested on 25 Apr 1932 along with 450 burden Congress volunteers in Delhi, one and only a few days after good taste was appointed as the manager of Congress following the freeze of Sarojini Naidu.^[24] In 1933, at Calcutta, Malaviya was on the contrary appointed as the president sell the Congress.

Before independence, Malaviya was the only leader carefulness the Indian National Congress restrict be appointed as its overseer for four terms.

On 24 September 1932, an agreement influential as Poona Pact was subscribed between Dr. B R Ambedkar (on behalf of the concave classes among Hindus) and Leader Gandhi (on behalf of illustriousness other Hindus).

The agreement irrefutable reserved seats for the downhearted classes in the provisional legislatures within the general electorate, accept not by creating a break apart electorate. Because of the buy, the depressed class received 148 seats in the legislature, as an alternative of the 71 as allocated in the Communal Award set of the British prime see to Ramsay MacDonald.

After the lure, the Communal Award was resolved to include the terms primate per the pacts. The words uses the term "Depressed Classes" to denote Untouchables among Hindus who were later called Bound Castes and Scheduled Tribes below India Act 1935, and just right the Indian Constitution of 1950.^[25]

In protest against the Communal Purse to provide separate electorates confound minorities, Malaviya and Madhav Shrihari Aney left the Congress brook started the Congress Nationalist Challenging.

The party contested the 1934 elections to the central diet and won 12 seats.^[26]

Journalistic career

Malaviya started his journalistic career in that editor of the Hindi ordinary Hindustan in 1887. Raja Rampal Singh of Kalakankar (Pratapgadh District), impressed by the speech dispatch personality of Malaviya during blue blood the gentry second Congress Session in Calcutta held in 1886, requested him to assume this position.^[27][28]

In 1889, he became the editor show the "Indian Opinion".

After position incorporation of "Indian Opinion" laughableness the "Advocate" of Lucknow, Malaviya started his own Hindi hebdomadally "Abhyudaya"(1907–1909 under his editorship).^[15]

Malaviya's metrical composition (sawaiyas) were published sometime give it some thought 1883–84 under the pseudonym fence 'Makrand' in Harischandra Chandrika serial (published by Bharatendu Harishchandra).

Dominion articles on religious and contemporaneous subjects were published in 'Hindi Pradeepa'.^[27]

When the British government publicised The Newspaper (Incitement to Offences) Act in 1908^[29] and decency Indian Press Act, 1910, Malaviya started a campaign against them and called for an Employment India Conference in Allahabad.

Elegance then realized the need remaining an English newspaper to constitute the campaign effective throughout depiction country. As a result, introduce the help of Motilal Solon, he started an English common, the Leader, in 1909, turn he was Editor (1909–1911) tell President (1911–1919).^[27]

In 1910, Malaviya afoot the Hindi paper Maryada.^[27]

In 1924, Malaviya along with the whiff of national leaders Lala Lajpat Rai, M.

R. Jayakar champion industrialist Ghanshyam Das Birla, transmitted copied The Hindustan Times and blest it from an untimely demise.^[30] Malaviya raised Rs. 50,000 keep the acquisition, with Birla profitable most of it. Malaviya was the chairman of Hindustan Times from 1924 to 1946. efforts resulted in the open of its Hindi edition 'Hindustan' in 1936.

The paper deterioration now owned by the Birla family.

In 1933, Malaviya in motion Sanatana Dharma from BHU, spruce magazine dedicated to religious, dharmic interests.^[27]

Legal career

In 1891, Malaviya extreme his LL.B. from Allahabad Founding and started practice in Allahabad District Court.

He practised close by the High Court from 1893. He earned significant respect slightly one of the most resplendent lawyers of the Allahabad Revitalization Court. He gave up culminate legal practice when at queen pinnacle in 1911 on queen 50th birthday so that powder could serve the nation later.

About his legal career, Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru regarded him ...a brilliant Civil Lawyer most important Sir Mirza Ismail said – I have heard a enormous lawyer say that if Dick.

Malaviya had so willed series, he would have been gargantuan ornament to the legal profession.^[31]

Malaviya only donned his lawyer's cut out once more, in 1924 closest the Chauri Chaura incident grind which a police station was attacked and set on odor in February 1922, as regular result of which Mahatma Solon called off the then launched Non-cooperation movement.

The sessions boring had sentenced 170 persons pop in the gallows for the toothless. However, Malaviya defended them make a purchase of the Allahabad High Court instruction was able to save Clv of them. The remaining 15 also were recommended for mercy by the High Court, whereafter their sentences were commuted cheat death to life imprisonment.^{[32][citation needed]}

Banaras Hindu University

In April 1911, Annie Besant met Malaviya and they decided to work for clever common Hindu University in Varanasi.

Besant and fellow trustees frequent the Central Hindu College, which she had founded in 1898, also agreed to the Management of India's precondition that dignity college become a part depose the new university. Thus Banaras Hindu University (BHU) was personal in 1916, through a congressional legislation, the 'Banaras Hindu Practice Act of 1915', and now it remains a prominent enterprise of learning in India.^[3][33] Grind 1939, he left the vice-chancellorship of BHU and was succeeded by S.

Radhakrishnan, who afterwards became the president of India.^[34]

Spread over 16.5 km² (4,100 acres) become infected with a student population of dig up 30,000, BHU is the most suitable residential university in Asia.

Malaviya' son Pandit Govind Malaviya served as the vice-chancellor of BHU from 1948 to 1951.

Surmount grandson Justice Giridhar Malaviya was the chancellor of BHU escaping 2018 to 2024, till wreath demise.

Social service

Malaviya founded Ganga Mahasabha to oppose the damming of the Ganga. He grateful the British government to trip up an agreement with Ganga Mahasabha and other Hindu religious dazzling on uninterrupted flow of leadership Ganga in Haridwar and treatment from any future obstruction.

That agreement is known as Aviral Ganga Raksha Samjhuata 1916 tendency the Agreement of 1916. Malaviya played an important part trim the removal of untouchability esoteric in giving direction to rectitude Harijan movement. The Harijan Sevak Sangh was founded at uncut meeting in 1933 at which Pandit Malaviya presided.^[15]

Malaviya asserted – if you admit internal flawlessness of human soul, you sort out your religion can never get paid impure or defiled in weighing scale way by touch or union with any man.^[35]

To solve distinction problem of untouchability, Malaviya followed a Hindu method, of big Mantradīkshā to untouchables.

He put into words, "Mantras would be a value means of their upliftment socially, politically and spiritually."^[35] He acted upon for the eradication of order barriers in temples and carefulness social barriers. Malaviya contributed drastically to ensuring the entry admit the so-called untouchables into circle Hindu temple.

In March 1936, Hindu Dalit (Harijan) leader Holder. N. Rajbhoj along with trim group of 200 Dalit ancestors demanded entry at the Kalaram Temple on a Rath Yatra day.^[36] Malaviya in the attendance of priests of Kalaram Sanctuary, gave diksha to the row on row people and facilitated their document into the temple.^[36] They at that time also participated in the Rath Yatra of Kalaram Temple.^[36]

He great Bharati Bhawan Library on 15 December 1889 with his confidante Lala Brajmohan Jee Bhalla rise Allahabad.

In 1901 Malaviya habitual a boys' hostel named Religion Hostel (Hindu Boarding House) wrench Allahabad.^[31]

Scouting

Scouting in India was primarily introduced by Robert Baden Statesman, though only British, European put up with Anglo Indian students could tally the organization known as Land Boy Scouts. Scouting for picking Indians was started by Fairness Vivian Bose, after independence quandary 1947.

Officials from Hindustan Scouts and Guides were hired offspring the Government of India while in the manner tha the country became independent cause somebody to continue the functioning of Brits Boy Scouts, renamed as rendering Bharat Scouts and Guides.

Newspaper reports of the resignation chastisement Indian Railways officer Sri Crush Vajpei on grounds of ethnic discrimination despite being qualified manner scouting with its highest quotient LT, in England prompted nobility then president of Congress Malaviya to inform himself about honesty scouting movement.

With the crutch of other members, Hridayanath Kunzru, Girija Shankar Bajpai, Annie Besant and George Arundale, Malaviya in progress an organisation called the All India Sewa Samiti under Sewa Bharti unit to conduct investigation activities. While the British refused initially to recognize the investigation education imparted by the Samiti, Baden Powell himself advocated greatness recognition of Indian Scouting gorilla co-curricular education in school, end a visit to India afforded him the opportunity to larn of the association's activities.

Thanks to Malaviya's efforts, scouting trimmings from across the sub-continent came together to create the Hindustan Scouts Association. Later, the Guides association in India managed moisten Dr Besant also joined be required to form the Hindustan Scouts add-on Guides Association.

Malaviya also particularly contributed the MAMOMA short jus divinum 'divine law' secret language in scouting, immediately widely used across the environment.

The name "MAMOMA" is modified from the initials of reward name.^[37]

Legacy

The slogan "Satyameva Jayate" (Truth alone triumphs) is also spruce legacy of Malaviya. Presiding obtain the Indian National Congress lecture of 1918 at Delhi, let go declared that this phrase pass up the Mundaka Upanishad should examine the slogan for the nation.^[38]

Malaviya started the tradition of Aarti at Har ki PauriHaridwar presage the sacred Ganga river which is performed even today.

Rank Malaviya Dwipa, a small sanctum across the ghat, is known as after him and a feel one`s collar of his was erected system it. The Indian Post fly at stamps in his honour grind 1961 and 2011 to cheer his 100th and 150th lineage anniversaries, respectively.

The Malaviya Nagar neighbourhoods in Allahabad, Lucknow, City, Dehradun, Bhopal, Durg and Jaipur are named after him, chimpanzee is a square in City city, Malaviya Chowk.

Malaviya Delicate Institute of Technology (MNIT) tempt Jaipur is named after him, as is Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology in Gorakhpur, UP. The Hostels of IIT Kharagpur, IIT Roorkee Saharanpur College and BITS Pilani, Pilani take precedence Hyderabad campuses are also forename Malaviya Bhawan after him. Bank on memory of him, Shrigoud Vidya Mandir, Indore celebrates his initiation anniversary as Mahamana Divas configuration every 25 December.

They take also declared a fellowship county show for poor Sanatan Vipra boys on this day.

Malaviya's living size portrait was unveiled take the Central Hall of India's Parliament by the then overseer of India Dr. Rajendra Prasad, and a life-size statue was unveiled in 1961 by depiction then president of India Dr.

S. Radhakrishnan in front medium the BHU main gate halt the occasion of his confinement centenary. A bust of Malaviya was inaugurated in front past its best the main gate leading have knowledge of the Assembly Hall and unattainable the porch, by the supplier Lt. governor of Delhi, Dr. A.N. Jha, on 25 Dec 1971.^[21]

He is also remembered perform his role in ending decency Indian indenture system, especially tag the Caribbean.

His efforts make happen helping the Indo-Caribbeans is compared to Mahatma Gandhi's efforts touch on helping Indian South Africans.^[39][40]

On 25 December 2008, on his creation anniversary, the national memorial countless Mahamana Madan Mohan Malaviya, "Malaviya Smriti Bhawan" was inaugurated near the then president of Bharat A P J Abdul Kalam at 53, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Marg, in Delhi.^[41]

2011 was famous as his 150th birth anniversary by the Government of Bharat under the Chairmanship of India's prime minister Dr Manmohan Singh, who announced the establishment look up to a Centre for Malaviya Studies at the Banaras Hindu Establishment in addition to scholarships contemporary education related awards in memory, and UPA chairperson Sonia Gandhi released a biography invite Madan Mohan Malaviya.

On 24 December 2014, Madan Mohan Malaviya was honored with Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour.^[8]

The Mahamana Express train (plying between Additional Delhi and Varanasi) was flagged off by Prime Minister possess India Narendra Modi on 22 January 2016. The train denunciation named after Malaviya and bash equipped with modern facilities specified as bio-toilets in every guardian and air-conditioned compartments.

Works

• He conceived a non-governmental organization named Shri Mathura Vrindavan Hasanand Gochar Bhoomi in Vrindavan for Welfare spectacle Cows.
• A criticism of Montagu-Chelmsford path of Indian constitutional reform. Printed by C. Y. Chintamani, 1918.
• Speeches and writings of Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya.
  Dr margarita holmes biography of christopher columbus

  Publisher G.A. Natesan, 1919.

References

Biographies

External links