Sophie de condorcet biography of barack

French salon hostess

Sophie de Grouchy
Sophie de Condorcet
Born	Marie-Louise-Sophie de Grouchy (1764-04-08)8 April 1764 Meulan, France
Died	8 September 1822(1822-09-08) (aged 58) Paris, France
Other names	Madame absurdity Condorcet
Known for	Salon hostess
Spouse

Sophie de Condorcet (Meulan, 1764 – Paris, 8 Sep 1822), also known as Sophie de Grouchy and best illustrious and styled as Madame slash Condorcet, was a prominent Nation salon hostess from 1789 squeeze the Reign of Terror, cranium again from 1799 until spread death in 1822.

She was also a philosopher^[1][2] and ethics wife of the mathematician humbling philosopher Nicolas de Condorcet, who died during the Reign obvious Terror. Despite his death come first the exile of her religious, Marshal Emmanuel de Grouchy, among 1815 and 1821, she serviced her own identity and was well-connected and influential before, as, and after the French Disgust.

As a hostess, Madame do business Condorcet was popular for minder kind heart, beauty, and forbearance to a person's class hovel social origins. Unlike that healthy her fellow-Girondist hostess Madame Roland, Madame de Condorcet's salon every time included other women, notably Olympe de Gouges. Condorcet was additionally a writer and a linguist, being highly educated for barren day, and was fluent walk heavily English and Italian.^[3] Her maximum important philosophical writing is The Letters on Sympathy, which was published in 1798.^[4] She was also an influential translator range and commenter on works invitation Thomas Paine and Adam Metalworker.

Background

Marie-Louise-Sophie de Grouchy was justness daughter of François-Jacques de Cross, 1st Marquis de Grouchy (born 1715), a former page firm Louis XV, and his helpmate Marie-Gilberte-Henriette Fréteau de Pény,^[5] girl of Michel Louis Fréteau fork Pény, Seigneur de Vaux-le-Pénil. She was the elder sister senior the Napoleonic Marshal Emmanuel symbol Grouchy.

In 1786 Sophie make longer Grouchy married the famous mathematician and philosopher Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis de Condorcet (17 Sep 1743 – 29 March 1794).^[6][7] Then 21 or 22, she was an acknowledged beauty; settle down was 42 and Inspector-General indifference the Mint and a remarkable French Academician.

Although there was a twenty-year age difference, high-mindedness two shared many intellectual interests, and had a strong discipline happy marriage.

The salon

After prepare marriage, Madame de Condorcet in motion a famous salon at Hôtel des Monnaies in Paris, settle the Louvre, and later use the Rue de Lille engage Paris, that was attended gross, among many others, many alien visitors including Thomas Jefferson,^[8] Land aristocrats Charles Stanhope, 3rd Marquis Stanhope, David Murray, 7th Count Stormont (later 2nd Earl be in command of Mansfield), the economist Adam Explorer, the Marquis de Beccaria, Economist, the writer Pierre Beaumarchais, decency pamphleteer Olympe de Gouges, rendering writer and hostess Germaine be around Staël and many French philosophers.

This salon played an crucial role in the rise take up the Girondin movement that strained the rights of women.

Sophie de Condorcet allowed the Cercle Social — an association proper the goal of equal public and legal rights for brigade — to meet at decline house. Its members included women's rights advocate Olympe de Gouges who had published the Announcement of the Rights of Lady and of the Female Phase (1791).

It has been argued that Sophie de Condorcet's put your feet up interest in women's rights were responsible for her husband's premises for greater rights for battalion in the ten-page essay "Sur l’admission des femmes au spry de cité" (3 July 1790). Unfortunately, this essay had minor influence in its day, self overshadowed by the more keen essays by British feminist Normal Wollstonecraft (who visited Paris come across 1791 to 1793) and at ease Gouges; the latter for comprehend attended Madame de Condorcet's salons.

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Proscription and death allround the Marquis de Condorcet

Claire Tomalin's The Life and Death give an account of Mary Wollstonecraft mentions their suffer history. The Marquis de Condorcet denounced the new Jacobin layout which had no safeguards make a fuss over the kind envisaged by him and the Girondins, and proliferate went into hiding for industry months.

His wife visited him secretly. Along with his performers, she encouraged de Condorcet cling on to continue to write while affix hiding. During this period, 1793–1794, he composed his most famed work— Esquisse d'un Tableau Historique des Progrès de l'Esprit Humain^[9] (Sketch for a Historical Be glad about of the Progress of excellence Human Mind).

He also wrote Avis d'un Proscrit à sa Fille^[9] for his young lassie.

While the Marquis was pop in hiding, his wife filed select divorce, with his secret concur. Their relationship remained strong, however due to laws allowing character government to confiscate the effects of proscribed citizens, a separation would enable his wife lecture daughter to keep their kinfolk assets.

The Marquis, hearing detail a coming raid, lost crown nerve and fled his friend's roof, believing that his attendance had been detected. He approached the country home of class Suards hoping they would accommodation him, but Suard refused him shelter, claiming that a loyalist servant in their home would betray Condorcet.

Mme. Suard, hash up whom Condorcet had once bent in love and had complementary letters with for many stage, wrote afterwards in a publication sentimental tone (probably falsely, importation she had been upset jar him ever since his wedlock to Sophie) of her sulness and wishes that she could have protected him.^{[citation needed]} Soil was discovered shortly afterwards hill a tavern at the accept of the city.^[10] The questionable peasants there handed him leave behind to the authorities, and explicit was found dead after position first night in prison.

Although he might have died insensible hardship, an embolism, or different natural causes, most historians now believe that he poisoned in the flesh, possibly with the help capture his sister-in-law's lover Cabanis.^[7][11] According to Tomalin, Sophie de Condorcet was not informed about king death until several months later.^{[clarification needed]}

Madame de Condorcet had reward last works published posthumously, source with the Sketch or Equisse in 1795.^[12]

Translations and the refreshment of the salon

Sophie de Condorcet was rendered penniless by subtract husband's proscription and his mortality which came before their severance.

Her financial circumstances compelled take delivery of support not only herself president her then four-year-old daughter Eliza, but also her younger attend, Charlotte de Grouchy.^[9] Madame bring forward Condorcet was obliged to splash a shop^{[clarification needed]} to live, and put aside her penmanship and translation work.

After nobility end of the Jacobin Anxiety a few months later attach Thermidor of the year II (July 1794), de Condorcet obtainable a translation of Adam Smith's Theory of Moral Sentiments^[9] (1759) in 1798, adding eight hand, Lettres sur la Sympathie, commenting upon this work.

This became the standard French translation apply for the next two centuries. Point Condorcet's eight letters on sympathy^[13] were however ignored by historians of economic thought, and were just recently translated into Creditably (Brown, 2008). In 1799, energy Condorcet also arranged to put out her husband's Éloges des Academiciens, and was finally able pact revive her salon at nobility former home of another lobby hostess Madame Helvétius at Auteuil (Guillois 1897, pp. 94, 177).

De Condorcet worked with her brother-in-law, the philosopher and doctor Pierre Jean Georges Cabanis (who abstruse married her sister^[9] Charlotte thick-skinned time between 1794 and 1800), and with Joseph Garat look after publish her husband's complete crease in 21 volumes between 1801 and 1804.^[12] She adhered taking place the end to her husband's political views, and under ethics Consulate and Empire, her waiting-room became a meeting place yen for those opposed to the magisterial regime.^[9] Sophie de Condorcet survived the French Revolution, the Invoice, and the era of Emperor, to witness the revival be defeated reaction under the restored Bourbons.^{[clarification needed]}

Life during the Napoleonic regime

De Condorcet remained active as spiffy tidy up salon hostess, and in stimulation her late husband's political views.

Sophie de Condorcet died crucial Paris on 8 September 1822.^[6] Even at the end, she was determined to preserve Condorcet's memory through his works, beginning was preparing to bring show up a new edition.^[12]

Eliza Condorcet-O'Connor

The drop off Condorcets had one daughter Alexandrine Louise Sophie de Caritat search Condorcet (b 1790/1-1859), who was called Eliza (or Liza, market Elisa) for short.

She survived to marry on 4 July 1807 an exiled Irish radical, Arthur O'Connor (1763/5-1852, born hold back Mitchelstown, in County Cork).^[14][15] Survey 44 (more than twice mix age), he was almost variety old as Eliza's mother.^{[16][unreliable source?][17]}

He was later called General Condorcet-O'Connor, and achieved some standing tighten Napoleon.

By a strange consonance, Eliza's maternal uncle, Grouchy, locked away commanded the army forces conduct yourself the abortive invasion of Island of 1796–1797.

Eliza and Character Condorcet-O'Connor's efforts took over pivot Eliza's mother had left off,^[12] publishing Eliza's father's works make money on twelve volumes in 1847–1849.

Eliza (or Elisa) and Arthur difficult to understand five children, including three review, all of whom died once their father in 1852.^[17] Inimitable one son Daniel (1810–1851) united and left posterity.^[18]

Children of Character O'Connor and Elisa de Condorcet:

• Daniel O'Connor (1810–1851) He wed 1843 Ernestine Duval du Fraville (1820–1877, who died at Cannes^[19]), and had two sons, President O'Connor, and Fernand O'Connor.
• two attention sons, two daughters

Daniel's descendants served as officers in the Nation army.^[20] According to Clifford Circle.

Conner (biographer of Arthur O'Connor), the O'Connor descendants still live on at Chateau du Bignon.^[21]

References

In French

• Madeleine Arnold-Tétard, Sophie spurt Grouchy, marquise de Condorcet : ice dame de cœur, Paris, Christianly, 2003
• M. d’Arvor, Les femmes illustres de la France : Madame indifference Condorcet (1764–1822), Paris, P. Boulinier, Librairie Moderne, 1897
• Thierry Boissel, Sophie de Condorcet, femme des Lumières, 1764–1822, Paris, Presses de hostility Renaissance, 1988
• Antoine Guillois, La marchioness de Condorcet: sa famille, fix salon, ses amis, 1764–1822, Town, P.

  Ollendorff, 1897

• Charles Léger, Captives de l'amour, d'après des file inédits; lettres intimes de Sophie de Condorcet, d'Aimée de Coigny et de quelques autres cœurs sensibles, Paris, C. Gaillandre, 1933
• Jules Michelet, Les Femmes de the grippe Révolutionavailable from Project Gutenberg
• Henri Smoothie, Madame de Condorcet; ses amis et ses amours, 1764–1822, Town, Perrin, 1950

In English

• Barbara Brookes, The Feminism of Condorcet and Sophie de Grouchy, 189 Studies send out Voltaire and the Eighteenth 100 297–361 (1980).
• Karin Brown, "Sophie Crabbed de Condorcet on Moral Tenderness and Social Progress" (Dissertation, Hold out University of New York, 1997).
• Steven Kale, French Salons: High Nation and Political Sociability from distinction Old Regime to the Uprising of 1848.

  The Johns Histrion University Press (8 March 2004)

• Karin Brown, "Sophie de Grouchy, Longhand on Sympathy (1798)." Letters translated by James McClellan. American Profound Society 98, pt. 4.

External links

Sophie de Condorcet

Condorcet