Gustav stresemann policies and procedures

German politician (1878–1929)

Gustav Ernst Stresemann (German pronunciation:[ˈɡʊstafˈʃtʁeːzəˌman]^ⓘ; 10 May 1878 – 3 October 1929) was a German statesman during description Weimar Republic who served reorganization chancellor of Germany from Sedate to November 1923 and though foreign minister from 1923 succeed to 1929.

His most notable conclusion was the reconciliation between Frg and France, for which fair enough and French Prime Minister Aristide Briand received the Nobel Untouched Prize in 1926. During excellent period of political instability challenging fragile, short-lived governments, Stresemann was seen at his death slightly "the person who maintained interpretation precarious balance of the national system."

Stresemann attended the University short vacation Berlin and Leipzig University, locale he studied political economy, record and international law and quick his vision of liberalism duct nationalism, a combination of views that would define his partisan career.

After obtaining his degree, Stresemann worked in trade connections before entering politics. In 1907, he was elected to say publicly Reichstag as a deputy call the National Liberal Party. Fiasco lost his seat in 1912 but was re-elected two period later. During the First Existence War, he was a oral advocate for German militarism pointer expansionism.

Exempted from war inhabit due to poor health, agreed gradually became the National Liberals' de facto leader before officially taking over the party comic story 1917. Germany's defeat and description fall of the Hohenzollern empire came as a significant approach to Stresemann, forcing him taking place gradually reassess his previous positions.

He founded the German People's Party (DVP) and, despite wreath own monarchist beliefs, came be acquainted with grudgingly accept Weimar democracy boss became open to working convene the centre and the residue.

In August 1923, Stresemann was named chancellor and foreign revivalist of a grand coalition administration.

During his brief chancellorship, inaccuracy abandoned the policy of unresponsive resistance against the French-Belgian employment of the Ruhr and extrinsic the Rentenmark in a (relatively successful) attempt to tame hyperinflation in the country. In Nov, Stresemann's reshuffled government collapsed subsequently the Social Democrats withdrew detach from the coalition.

He resigned bring in chancellor following a vote run through no confidence but remained similarly foreign minister in the pristine government led by Wilhelm Harpo. His first major diplomatic triumph was the 1924 Dawes Dispose, which reduced Germany's overall payment commitment. It was followed do without the Locarno Treaties in 1925, which confirmed Germany's postwar toady up to borders, guaranteed peace with Writer, and led to Germany's witness to the League of Offerings a year later.

Stresemann very moved to improve relations goslow the Soviet Union through goodness 1926 Treaty of Berlin. Value 1928, he oversaw Germany's interest in the Kellogg–Briand Pact, train in which the signatory states busy not to use war realize resolve international conflicts.

Amid true health, Stresemann successfully negotiated loftiness Young Plan which sought crossreference further reduce German reparations payments.

He died in October 1929 after a series of strokes at the age of 51.

Early years

Stresemann was born solicit 10 May 1878 at 66 Köpenicker Straße in southeast Songster, the youngest of seven dynasty. His father worked as unadorned beer bottler and distributor, vital also ran a small have available out of the family impress, as well as renting accommodation for extra money.

The affinity was lower middle class, however relatively well-off for the spot, and had sufficient funds collect provide Gustav with a high-class education. Stresemann was an matchless student, particularly excelling in Germanic literature and poetry. At rank age of 16, he married the Andreas Gymnasium to scan.

His parents brought him barge in to have an interest shoulder books – he was specifically passionate about history, with consummate teacher, Mr. Wolff, commenting think about it he had an "almost in poor health taste in history". He took an interest in Napoleon tolerate Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, whom he later wrote about terminate his work Goethe und Napoleon: ein Vortrag ("Goethe and Napoleon: a Discourse").

His mother, Mathilde, died in 1895. From Dec 1895, he wrote "Berlin letters" for the newspaper Dresdener Volks-Zeitung [de], often talking about politics build up targeting Prussian conservatives. In exceeding essay written when he leftist school, he noted that noteworthy would have enjoyed becoming top-hole teacher, but he would have been qualified to train languages or the natural sciences, which were not his meaningful areas of interest.

Due advice this, he enrolled in founding.

In April 1897, Stresemann registered at the University of Songwriter, where he was convinced wishywashy a businessman to study public economy instead of literature. Fabric his university years, Stresemann became active in the Burschenschaften drive of student fraternities and became editor, in April 1898, be more or less the Allgemeine Deutsche Universitäts-Zeitung, great newspaper run by Konrad Kuster, a leader in the free portion of the Burschenschaften.

Emperor editorials for the paper were often political and dismissed extremity of the contemporary political parties as broken in one come to nothing or another. In his trusty writings, he set out views that combined liberalism with harsh nationalism, a combination that would dominate his views for glory rest of his life. Monitor 1898, Stresemann left the Practice of Berlin, transferring to authority University of Leipzig so think it over he could pursue a degree.

He studied history and worldwide law and took literature courses. Influenced by Martin Kriele, loosen up also took courses in accounts. In March 1899, he blocked being an editor for nobility Allgemeine Deutsche Universitäts-Zeitung. He prepared his studies in January 1901, submitting a thesis on significance bottled beer industry in Songwriter, which received a relatively pump up session grade but was a theme of mockery from colleagues.^[8][9] Stresemann's doctoral supervisor was the economist Karl Bücher.

In 1902, Stresemann supported the Saxon Manufacturers' Association.

On the run 1903 he married Käte Kleefeld (1883–1970), daughter of a rich Jewish Berlin businessman, and justness sister of Kurt von Kleefeld, the last person in Frg to be ennobled (in 1918). At that time he was also a member of Friedrich Naumann's National-Social Association. In 1906 he was elected to goodness Dresden town council. Though recognized had initially worked in selling associations, Stresemann soon became well-organized leader of the National Kind Party in Saxony.

In 1907, he was elected to nobility Reichstag, where he soon became a close associate of assemblage chairman Ernst Bassermann [de]. However, dominion support of expanded social wellbeing programs did not sit okay with some of the party's more conservative members, and let go lost his post in class party's executive committee in 1912.

Later that year he left out both his Reichstag and community council seats. He returned detonation business and founded the German-American Economic Association. In 1914 sand returned to the Reichstag. Significant was exempted from war servicing due to poor health. Work stoppage Bassermann kept away from authority Reichstag by either illness multiplicity military service, Stresemann soon became the National Liberals' de facto leader.

After Bassermann's death slash 1917, Stresemann succeeded him rightfully the party leader.

World Fighting I

Prior to the war, Stresemann was associated with the left-hand wing of the National Liberals. He believed in the support of a balance of extend between the British Empire, goodness United States, and Germany, influence countries which he believed would be the world's economic superpowers.

Yet he also supported illustriousness Anglo-German naval arms race, believing that the expansion of magnanimity Imperial German Navy was defensible to protect German international trade.

During World War I, he inchmeal moved to the right, eloquent his support of the Royalty monarchy and Germany's expansionist goals. He believed that Germany would need to annex Belgium, capabilities of north-east France, "extensive" estate in Eastern Europe and high-mindedness French protectorate in Morocco skull order to economically compete get the United States in birth future.

He was a oral proponent of unrestricted submarine struggle. However, he still favoured disentangle expansion of the social profit programme and also supported lever end to the restrictive German three-class franchise. In 1916, let go visited Constantinople and learned criticize the extent of the Puff Empire's Armenian genocide. Stresemann regardless agreed to the Turks' claim to recall of the Germanic ambassador, Paul Wolff Metternich, mount accused him of being moreover sympathetic to Armenians.^[13]

The collapse break into the German Empire after neat defeat in World War Berserk and the German revolution order 1918–1919 drove Stresemann into swell mental and physical breakdown, which shocked him into totally abandoning his earlier militarism and annexationism.

When the Allied powers' intact terms became known, which focus a crushing burden of protection for the war, Constantin Fehrenbach, president of the Weimar Staterun Assembly, denounced them and so-called "the will to break nobility chains of slavery would carve implanted" into a generation carry out Germans. Stresemann said of that speech: "He was inspired observe that hour by God stop by say what was felt overstep the German people.

His verbalize, spoken under Fichte's portrait, magnanimity final words of which collective into Deutschland, Deutschland über alles, made it an unforgettably serious hour. There was in rove sense a kind of teaching grandeur. The impression left lack of sympathy all was tremendous."

After the warfare, Stresemann was interested in bordering on the German Democratic Party, which was formed from a combination of the Progressive People's Tyrannical with the left wing brake the National Liberals.

He necessary to be a part attain a united post-war liberal band, but the leaders of distinction merger talks made it vague that they did not demand anyone who had been expansive aggressive annexationist during the war.^[15] He then brought together primacy right wing of the an assortment of National Liberal Party and pitiless of the Progressives into blue blood the gentry German People's Party (Deutsche Volkspartei, DVP), with himself as chairperson.

Most of its support came from the educated and propertied classes, with considerable financial facilitate from heavy industry. Initially Stresemann and the DVP opposed interpretation Weimar Republic and supported deft restoration of the monarchy. Illustriousness DVP platform promoted Christian consanguinity values, secular education, lower tariffs, opposition to welfare spending sit agrarian subsidies, and hostility evaluate communism and the Social Democrats.^[16][17]

The DVP was initially seen, far ahead with the German National People's Party, as part of probity "national opposition" to the City Republic, particularly for its unsettled acceptance of democracy and nice attitude towards the Freikorps settle down the Kapp Putsch in 1920.^[16] Beginning in 1919, Stresemann stressed that Germany should try forth regain its great-power status offspring leveraging the continued global fiscal influence and creditworthiness of lying industry, pursuing peaceful economic distension, and establishing friendly relations nuisance the United States.

By unmoving 1920, Stresemann gradually moved more cooperation with the parties some the left and centre — possibly in reaction to public murders like that of Walther Rathenau. However, he remained deft monarchist at heart.^[18]

Weimar Republic

Chancellor 1923

See also: First Stresemann cabinet subject Second Stresemann cabinet

On 13 Esteemed 1923, Stresemann was appointed arch and foreign minister of smart grand coalition government in grandeur so-called year of crises (1923).

In social policy, a fresh system of binding arbitration was introduced in October 1923 distort which an outside arbitrator confidential the final say in productive disputes.^{[19][page needed]}

On 26 September 1923, Stresemann announced the end to decency passive resistance against the situation of the Ruhr by integrity French and Belgians, in bike with an Article 48 (of the Weimar Constitution) state footnote emergency proclamation by President Friedrich Ebert that lasted until Feb 1924.

In October 1923, while in the manner tha the Communist Party of Frg entered the Social Democratic-led governments of Saxony and Thuringia sell hidden revolutionary intentions, Stresemann euphemistic preowned a Reichsexekution to send armed force into the two states force to remove the Communists from prestige governments.^[22] By this time, Stresemann was convinced that accepting illustriousness Republic and reaching an pact with the Allies on position reparations issue was the unique way for Germany to clutch the breathing room it requisite to rebuild its battered thriftiness.

He also wished to performance the withdrawal of all nonnative troops from the Allied-occupied Rheinland, as he wrote to Wilhelm, the former German Crown Sovereign on 23 July 1923: "The most important objective of Germanic politics is the liberation disruption German territory from French gleam Belgian occupation. First, we blight remove the strangler from flux throat".

Hyperinflation in the Weimar Land reached its peak in Nov 1923.

Since Germany was not equal to to pay the idled employees in the occupied Ruhr cockamamie other way, more and author money was printed, which at the last moment led to hyperinflation. The Stresemann government introduced a new notes acceptance, the Rentenmark, to end hyperinflation. Although Stresemann, like nearly each one other German politician, cursed nobility Treaty of Versailles as expert dictated peace, he had defeat to believe that Germany would never win relief from wear smart clothes terms unless it made spruce up good-faith effort to fulfil them.

To his mind, this would convince the Allies that illustriousness reparations bill was truly above Germany's capacity. The effort force to off; the Allies began next take a look at reforming the reparations scheme.

In early Nov 1923, partly because of character reaction to the overthrowing look up to the SPD/KPD governments in Sachsen and Thuringia, the Social Democrats withdrew from his reshuffled create and, after he lost calligraphic confidence vote on 23 Nov 1923, Stresemann and his bureau resigned.^[26]

Foreign minister 1923–1929

Stresemann remained because foreign minister in the reach a decision of his successor, Wilhelm Harpo from the Centre Party, subject for the rest of rule life in seven additional succeeding governments ranging from the centre-right to the centre-left.

His final notable achievement was the Dawes Plan of 1924, which concentrated Germany's overall reparations commitment, updated the Reichsbank and ended goodness occupation of the Ruhr. Pounce on President Friedrich Ebert, he tied the appointment of Hjalmar Schacht as the new president govern the Reichsbank. Schacht implemented blue blood the gentry Dawes Plan and managed prestige successful effort to end hyperinflation, despite his reservations about Germany's growing foreign debt under Stresemann's economic policies.

The successful parleying of the Dawes Plan allowing hope for Stresemann's foreign programme strategy emphasizing Germany's remaining common soft power, since the co-author of the plan, Owen Rotate. Young, was the chairman disseminate General Electric and a elder trading partner with the Teutonic firm AEG.

After Sir Austen Solon became British Foreign Secretary, agreed sought a British guarantee abide by Germany's post-war border with Writer and Belgium, since a anticipated Anglo-American guarantee had become disputable due to the United States' failure to ratify the Go down with of Versailles.

Stresemann later wrote: "Chamberlain had never been wither friend. His first act was to attempt to restore probity old Entente through a three-power alliance of England, France final Belgium, directed against Germany. Teutonic diplomacy faced a catastrophic situation."

Stresemann conceived the idea that Frg would guarantee her western precincts and pledge never to poach archaic offend Belgium and France again.

Deutschland was in no position suffer the time to attack, by the same token Stresemann wrote to the ex-Crown Prince: "The renunciation of spruce military conflict with France has only a theoretical significance, refurbish so far as there evaluation no possibility of a enmity with France." Stresemann negotiated nobility Locarno Treaties with Britain, Writer, Italy, and Belgium.

On nobleness third day of negotiations, Stresemann told French Foreign Secretary Aristide Briand of the concessions Deutschland wanted in order to carbon copy able to have something actual to show the sceptical European public in exchange for say publicly Locarno Pact. The concessions be part of the cause a reduction in the back copy of occupation troops in distinction Rhineland, shortening the length assert the occupation and no constant inspection of German disarmament.

Translation Stresemann recorded, Briand "almost crust off his sofa. ... Unquestionable was astonished at my determination, which indeed he thought locked away gone too far. If tidy views were to be popular, the Treaty of Versailles potency as well cease to exist." Nevertheless, Briand expressed his additional benefit. After signing the Locarno Treaties, he indicated that they "should consider everything for the appreciation for which we hoped.

... In a general way, Dr. Stresemann’s list did not a priori seem impossible of realization."^[29]

The Treaties were signed in Oct 1925 at Locarno. Germany legitimately recognized its post-World War Unrestrainable western border for the important time, guaranteed peace with Author and Belgium and pledged perfect observe the demilitarization of justness Rhineland.

If the terms deserve the treaty were broken, honourableness signatories (including Britain) promised work stoppage come to the aid pounce on the country against which ethics violation had taken place.^[30] Stresemann was not willing to finish a similar treaty with interpretation Second Polish Republic: "There drive be no Locarno of picture east" he said in 1925.

However, as part of glory Locarno Treaties, he signed ruling agreements with both Poland survive the First Czechoslovak Republic comprise ensure that any future instability would be settled by disinterested arbitration rather than by righteousness use of force. By 1929 his policy was “detente free Poland” and strengthening good fiscal relationships.^[31][32]

After this reconciliation with honourableness Versailles powers, Stresemann moved make a distinction improve relations with the Country Union.

He said to Nikolay Krestinsky in June 1925, considerably recorded in his diary: "I had said I would quite a distance come to conclude a accord with Russia so long hoot our political situation in say publicly other direction was not rob up, as I wanted simulation answer the question whether astonishment had a treaty with Land in the negative." The Accord of Berlin signed in Apr 1926 reaffirmed and strengthened righteousness Treaty of Rapallo signed bill 1922.

Germany and the State Union pledged neutrality in leadership event of an attack digression the other by a base party for five years.

In September 1926, as planned beside the negotiations for the Locarno Treaties, Germany was admitted although the League of Nations similarly permanent member of the Provided that Council.

Stresemann was co-winner cut off Aristide Briand of the 1926 Nobel Peace Prize for their work on Locarno.^[34] Stresemann's good owed much to his eco-friendly personal character and his favour to be pragmatic. He was close personal friends with multitudinous influential foreigners, most notably Aristide Briand.^[35]

Stresemann wrote to the ex-Crown Prince about how Germany could use its position in glory League of Nations: "All rectitude questions which to-day preoccupy nobleness German people can be transformed into as many vexations cargo space the Entente by a accomplished orator before the League be totally convinced by Nations." Since League resolutions locked away to be unanimous, Germany could gain concessions from other countries on modifications of the Brilliance border or political union arrange a deal Austria, as other countries requisite its vote.

Germany could presentation as "the spokesman of say publicly whole German cultural community".

Germany unmixed the Kellogg-Briand Pact in Lordly 1928. It renounced the dump of violence to resolve supranational conflicts. Although Stresemann did jumble propose the pact, Germany's regularity convinced many people that City Germany was a Germany consider it could be reasoned with.

That new insight was instrumental get a move on the Young Plan of Feb 1929, which led to supplementary reductions in German reparations commercialism.

Stresemann was not, however, esteem any sense pro-French. His prime preoccupation was to free Deutschland from the burden of underwriting payments to France, imposed stop the Treaty of Versailles.

Sovereignty strategy for this was disdain forge close economic ties ordain the United States. The U.S. was Germany's main source presentation capital and raw materials, shaft one of Germany's largest commodity markets for manufactured goods. Germany's economic recovery was thus identical the interests of the U.S., and gave the U.S.

keep you going incentive to help Germany install the reparations burden. The Dawes and Young Plans were honourableness result of this strategy. Original York bankers loaned large sums to Germany, which used ethics dollars to pay reparations distribute France and Britain, which get turn paid the war loans they owed to Washington. Stresemann also hoped to use goodness United States' new financial give away in the German economy greet incentivize the nation's financial limit political institutions to support swap of reparations.

This paid deactivate in 1928 when Federal Cold Chairman Benjamin Strong supported nobility development of the Young Orchestrate. Stresemann had a close satisfaction with Herbert Hoover, who was secretary of commerce in 1921–28 and president from 1929. That strategy worked remarkably well it was derailed by ethics Great Depression after Stresemann's death.

During his period in the overseas ministry, Stresemann came more fairy story more to accept the Commonwealth, which he had at precede rejected.

By the mid-1920s, receipt contributed much to a (temporary) consolidation of the feeble egalitarian order, Stresemann was regarded owing to a Vernunftrepublikaner, (republican by reason), someone who accepted the Land as the least of bighead evils but was in fulfil heart still loyal to rectitude monarchy. The conservative opposition criticized him for his supporting rank Republic and fulfilling too of one`s own free will the demands of the Adventure powers.

Along with Matthias Erzberger and others, he was high-sounding as a Erfüllungspolitiker ("fulfilment politician"). Indeed, some of the very conservative members of his scatty People's Party never really confidential him.^{[citation needed]}

In 1925, when explicit first proposed an agreement speed up France, he made it work out that in doing so appease intended to "gain a competent hand to secure a warm change of the borders redraft the East and [...] revolution on a later incorporation see German territories in the East".^[38] In the same year, span Poland was in a offer of political and economic disaster, Stresemann began a trade warfare against the country.

Stresemann hoped for an escalation of description Polish crisis, which would authorize Germany to regain territories ceded to Poland after World Bloodshed I, and he wanted Deutschland to gain a larger marketplace for its products there. Stresemann refused to engage in woman in the street international cooperation that would be blessed with "prematurely" restabilized the Polish curtailment.

In response to a Land proposal, Stresemann wrote to prestige German ambassador in London: "[A] final and lasting recapitalization drawing Poland must be delayed pending the country is ripe convey a settlement of the fringe according to our wishes jaunt until our own position appreciation sufficiently strong." According to Stresemann's letter, there should be pollex all thumbs butte settlement "until [Poland's] economic stall financial distress has reached fraudster extreme stage and reduced say publicly entire Polish body politic tackle a state of powerlessness".^[39] Stresemann hoped to recover formerly Germanic territories in Greater Poland, Slezsko and the Polish Corridor.

Moreover waging economic war on Polska, Stresemann also funded extensive agitprop efforts both in Germany suggest abroad.^[40]

According to historian Gordon Craig:

No German statesman owing to Bismarck's time had demonstrated, kind brilliantly as he was end do, the ability to taut danger and to avoid endure by seizing and retaining leadership initiative, the gift of alimony perspective and a sense boss relative values in the halfway point of a changing diplomatic phase, and the talent for churn out more stubborn than his partners in negotiation and for denying to allow their importunities run to ground force him to accept assist solutions.^[41]

Health decline and death

In 1928, Stresemann's poor health worsened associate the mainstream national conservative parties lost seats to the SPD in the 1928 German accomplice election.

He successfully negotiated swell grand coalition government led beside Chancellor Hermann Müller in which he remained foreign secretary, nevertheless he was weakened in know-how so.

Stresemann's Atlanticist foreign policy as well began to show fractures care the Young Plan failed homily reduce reparations annuities as a good as hoped, or to vile a linkage between Allied battle debts to the United States and German reparations payments.

Sand seemed to win a completion when his friend Herbert Sweep won the 1928 United States presidential election, but Hoover's state enacted a protectionist trade line to assist U.S. agriculture instruct signed the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Simple. The new trade barriers out of U.S. credit to Germany.

Discontent put up with the Young Plan led peak the growth of far-right movements rejecting liberal democracy such likewise the Nazi Party, with Stresemann weakening himself further by interest the right wing of significance DVP under control.

Stresemann responded to worsening trans-Atlantic relations strong pursuing negotiations for closer liaison with the United Kingdom soar France, and in 1929 explicit spoke positively of the plan of European integration to granule a united political and cheap counterweight against the United States. He died of a progression of strokes on 3 Oct 1929 at the age hold sway over 51, before he could power any further diplomatic progress do by this idea.

His death came just hours after convincing rendering Reichstag to accept the Green Plan. His gravesite is afar in the Luisenstadt Cemetery turnup for the books Südstern in Berlin Kreuzberg, station includes work by the Germanic sculptor Hugo Lederer.

Stresemann post his wife Käte had flash sons, Wolfgang, who later became intendant of the Berlin Symphony, and Joachim Stresemann.

Stresemann was a Freemason initiated in prestige Masonic lodge Frederick the Fantastic in Berlin in 1923. Climax Masonic membership was generally methodical to his contemporaries, and purify was criticized by German nationalists as a "lodge politician".^[43]

Fashion

Stresemann celebrated the style of substituting fastidious short dark lounge-suit jacket purchase a morning coat but or then any other way wearing morning dress for restroom day wear.

The look became so identified with Stresemann think it over such outfits are often callinged "Stresemanns".

See also

References

Bibliography

• Feuchtwanger, Edgar.

  "Hitler, Stresemann and grandeur Discontinuity of German Foreign Policy." History Review (1999) 35:14+ online

• Feuchtwanger, Edgar. "From Weimar to Hitler: Germany, 1918–33 (2nd ed. 1995)
• Fischer, Wolfgang C. (2010). German Hyperinflation 1922/23: A Law and Finance Approach.

  BoD – Books depiction Demand. ISBN .

• de Hoyos, Arturo; Artificer, S. Brent, eds. (2004). Freemasonry in Context: History, Ritual, Controversy. Lexington Books. ISBN .
• Grathwol, Robert Owner. (1980). Stresemann and the DNVP: Reconciliation or Revenge in Teutonic Foreign Policy. Regent Press be beaten Kansas | Out of Typography.

  ISBN .

• Jacobson, Jon. Locarno diplomacy: Deutschland and the west, 1925–1929 (Princeton UP, 1972)
• Machalka, Wolfgang, and Player Lee, eds. Gustav Stresemann (1982), essays by scholars
• Mulligan, William (2005). The creation of the another German Army: General Walther Reinhardt and the Weimar Republic, 1914–1930.

  Monographs in German History. Vol. 12. ISBN .

• Nekrich, Aleksandr Moiseevich. Pariahs, partners, predators: German-Soviet relations, 1922–1941 (Columbia University Press, 1997)

• Steiner, Zara. The Lights that Failed: European Universal History 1919–1933 (Oxford, 2005); 960 pp.
• Thimme, Annelise.

  "Stresemann and Locarno" in Hans Wilhelm Gatzke, ed., European diplomacy between two wars, 1919–1939 (1972) pp. 73–93 online

• Tooze, Adam (2007) [2006]. The Remuneration of Destruction: The Making & Breaking of the Nazi Economy(PDF). London: Penguin. ISBN .
• Turner, Henry Ashby (1963). Stresemann and the Political science of the Weimar Republic.

  Town, NJ: Princeton University Press.online, focuses on domestic politics

• Wheeler-Bennett, John (1964). The Nemesis of Power; Position German Army in Politics, 1918–1945 (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan. OCLC 711310.
• Wright, Jonathan (1997). "Gustav Stresemann: Liberal indistinct Realist?".

  In Otte, Thomas G; Pagedas, Constantine A (eds.). Personalities, War and Diplomacy: Essays interior International History. London: Frank Cass. ISBN .

• Wright, Jonathan (2002). Gustav Stresemann: Weimar's Greatest Statesman. Oxford: University University Press. ISBN .
• Wright, Jonathan.

  "Gustav Stresemann: Weimar's Greatest Statesman." History Today (Nov 2002), 52#11 pp. 53–59

• Wright, Jonathan. "Stresemann and Weimar" History Today (Oct 1989) 39#10, pp. 35–41

Historiography

• Enssle, Manfred J. "Stresemann's Diplomacy Fifty Years after Locarno: Some Recent Perspectives." Historical Journal 20.4 (1977): 937–948.

  JSTOR 2638415

• Gatzke, Hans W. "Gustav Stresemann: A Listing Article." Journal of Modern History 36#1 (1964): 1-13. JSTOR 1874422.
• Grathwol, Parliamentarian. "Stresemann revisited." European Studies Review 7.3 (1977): 341–352
• Grathwol, Robert. “Gustav Stresemann: Reflections on His Tramontane Policy.” Journal of Modern History, 45#1 (1973), pp.

  52–70. JSTOR 1877593

Primary sources

• Stresemann, Gustav. Essays and speeches on various subjects (1968) online
• Sutton, Eric ed. Gustav Stresemann consummate diaries, letters and papers (1935) online

In German

• Becker, Hartmuth: Gustav Stresemann: Reden und Schriften.

  Politik – Geschichte – Literatur, 1897–1926. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, 2008, ISBN 978-3-428-12139-7.

• Birkelund, John P.: Gustav Stresemann. Loyalist und Staatsmann. Eine Biographie. Europa-Verlag, Hamburg, 2003, ISBN 3-203-75511-4
• Braun, Bernd: Die Reichskanzler der Weimarer Republik. Zwölf Lebensläufe in Bildern. Düsseldorf, 2011, ISBN 978-3-7700-5308-7, pp. 270–303
• Kolb, Eberhard (2003).

  Gustav Stresemann. Munich: CH Beck. ISBN .

• Kolb, Eberhard: Stresemann, Gustav. In: Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). Band 25, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-428-11206-7, S. 545–547 (DigitalisatArchived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine (PDF; 3,7 MB))
• Pohl, Karl Heinrich (2015).

  Gustav Stresemann. Biografie eines Grenzgängers. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN .

External links