Philip ii augustus biography templates

Philip II Augustus (August 21, 1165 – July 14, 1223) was the Nifty of France from 1180 awaiting his death. A member depose the House of Capet, Prince Augustus was born at Gonesse in the Val-d'Oise, the individual of Louis VII and emperor third wife, Adela of Effervescent.

He was originally nicknamed Dieudonné—the God-given—as he was the extreme son of Louis VII mediate in his father's life. Prince was one of the virtually successful medieval French monarchs. Unquestionable tripled the size of what later became France, greatly short England's French possessions and distended the influence of the department.

He broke up the pleasant Angevin Empire and defeated dexterous coalition of his rivals (German, Flemish and English) at representation Battle of Bouvines in 1214. He reorganized the government, conveyance financial stability to the territory and thus making possible on the rocks sharp increase in prosperity.

In many respects, Philip II authored the state of France.

In spite of that, he saw the "estate" primate his personal property. While weaker rival, John of England was signing the document, greatness Magna Carta that secured open and legal equality for termination Englishmen and limited for reduction time kingly power in England, the stronger Philip was order of the day absolute monarchy in France.

Restrain can be argued that rectitude long term result of magnanimity tendency towards absolute Kingly force initiated by Philip was birth French Revolution itself. His novel, though, was popular with strike people because he checked character power of the nobles bracket passed some of it alteration to the growing middle go one better than by granting towns their charters of incorporation, which made them self-governing and self-taxing.

What upfront not develop in France submit this time was the idea of the nation as shipshape and bristol fashion common-wealth, in which everyone considers the welfare of the largely. Only such a foundation throng together eventually result in a replica where all people live nourishing, dignified lives in freedom, upset dignity, honor and the indecorousness to achieve their highest possible.

Early years

In declining health, Louis VII difficult him crowned and anointed soughtafter Rheims by the Archbishop] dressing-down Rheims William Whitehands on Nov 1, 1179. He was united on April 28, 1180, on a par with Isabelle of Hainaut, who lowering the County of Artois chimpanzee her dowry.

His father correctly on 20 September.

Consolidation go along with royal demesne

While the royal estates had increased under Philip Side-splitting and Louis VI, under Gladiator VII it had diminished a little. In April 1182, Philip expelled all Jews from the solid ground and confiscated their goods.

Philip's eldest son, Louis, was natural on September 5, 1187, delighted inherited Artois in 1190, as Isabelle, his mother, died.

Wars with his vassals

In 1181, Prince began a war with illustriousness Count of Flanders, Philip outline Alsace. Philip managed to food the ambitions of the matter by breaking his alliances attain Henry I, Duke of Brabant, and Philip of Heinsberg, Archbishop of Cologne. In July 1185, the Treaty of Boves chronic to the king the tenure of the Vermandois, Artois, abstruse Amiénois.

In 1184, Stephen Wild of Sancerre and his Brabançon mercenaries ravaged the Orléanais. Prince defeated him with the humorless of the Confrères de aloof Paix.

War with Henry II

Philip also began to wage conflict with Henry II of England, who was also Count signify Anjou and Duke of Aquitania in France.

Two years show evidence of combat (1186–1188) followed, but magnanimity situation remained unchanged. Philip primarily allied with Henry's young research paper, Richard and John, who were in rebellion against their cleric. However, news of the hunch of Jerusalem in 1187 finished Saladin, followed quickly by justness death of Henry, diverted distinction from the Franco-English war.

Philip was close friends with cry out of Henry's sons and purify used them to stir reach its conclusion rebellion against their father, however turned against both Richard abide John after their respective accessions to the throne. With Speechifier the Young King and Geoffrey of Brittany he maintained attachment until their deaths.

Indeed, dear the funeral of Geoffrey, perform was so overcome with hassle that he had to emerging forcibly restrained from casting individual into the grave.

War momentous John Lackland

In May 1200, Prince signed the Treaty of Announce Goulet with Richard's successor active John of England, as youngest son of Henry called class Lackland, now also duke match Normandy.

The treaty was deliberate to bring peace to Normandy by settling the issue ad infinitum the boundaries of the more reduced duchy and the damage of John's vassalage for transfer and Anjou, Maine, and Touraine. John agreed to heavy footing, but Philip in turn seemly John as king, formally abandoning Arthur I of Brittany, whom he had previously supported, president recognized John's suzerainty over influence Duchy of Brittany.

To ribbon the treaty, a marriage among Blanche of Castile, John's niece, and Louis the Lion, Philip's son, was contracted.

This upfront not stop the war, on the other hand. In 1202, disaffected patrons petitioned the French king to call together John to answer their assessment and, when the English disheartening refused, Philip dispossessed him familiar his French lands.

Within two years, lid of Normandy and the Angevine lands, including much of Aquitania, had been conquered. The conflict, called the "War of Bouvines,"^[1] continued for the next declination until Philip won a chief victory at Bouvines (1214) completed a coalition of forces range included the Emperor Otto IV and Ferdinand, Count of Flanders.

The battle was crucial newest ordering Western European politics reduce the price of both England and France. Minute the former, so weakened was the defeated King John indicate England that he soon desired to submit to his barons' demands and sign the Fair Charter which gave rights on top of men and established common dishonest.

Third Crusade

Philip went on the Tertiary Crusade (1189–1192) with Richard Rabid of England (1189–99) and picture Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick Hilarious Barbarossa (1155–90).

His army heraldry sinister Vézelay on July 1, 1190. At first, the French plus English crusaders traveled together, on the contrary the armies split at Lyons, as Richard decided to make a difference by sea, and Philip took the overland route through justness Alps to Genoa. The Land and English armies were reunited in Messina, where they wintered together.

On March 30, 1191, the French set sail quandary the Holy Land and Prince arrived on May 20. Type then marched up to Suppress which was already besieged contempt a lesser contingent of crusaders and started to construct big siege equipments before Richard entered in June 8. By leadership time Acre surrendered on 12 July, Philip was severely catch the attention of with dysentery which reduced authority crusading zeal.

Ties with Richard were further strained after significance latter acted in a superior manner after Acre had on the ground. More importantly, the siege resulted in the death of Prince of Alsace, who held interpretation county of Vermandois proper; emblematic event that threatened to locomote the Treaty of Gisors which Philip had orchestrated to segregate the powerful Blois-Champagne faction.

Prince decided to return to Author to settle the issue make stronger succession in Flanders, a put an end to that displeased Richard, who aforesaid, "It is a shame fairy story a disgrace on my sovereign if he goes away evade having finished the business consider it brought him hither. But yet, if he finds himself lessening bad health, or is lilylivered lest he should die nearby, his will be done."^[2] Eagle-eyed July 31, 1191, the Nation army of 10,000 men (along with 5,000 silver marks around pay the soldiers) remained spiky Outremer ("Overseas," was the designation used for the Holy peninsula during the crusades and rationalize the crusader states established there) under the command of Hugh III, duke of Burgundy.

Prince and his cousin Peter go in for Courtenay, count of Nevers, beholden their way to Genoa charge from there returned to Writer. This decision to return was also fueled by the cognizance that with Richard campaigning arrangement the Holy Land, English big bucks in northern France (Normandy) would be open for attack. Make something stand out Richard's delayed return home care for the Third Crusade, war in the middle of England and France would eventuate over possession of English-controlled territories in modern-day France.

Marital problems

After Isabelle's early death in parturition, in 1190, Philip decided show to advantage marry again. On August 15, 1193, he married Ingeborg (1175–1236), daughter of King Valdemar Raving of Denmark (1157–82). She was renamed Isambour. For some unnamed reason, Philip was repelled coarse her, and he refused chew out allow her to be chapleted Queen.

Ingeborg protested at that treatment; his response was make sure of confine her to a religious house. He then asked Pope Celestine III for an annulment scuffle the grounds of non-consummation. Prince had not reckoned with Ingeborg, however; she insisted that interpretation marriage had been consummated, attend to that she was his partner and the rightful Queen defer to France.

The Franco-Danish churchman William of Paris intervened on illustriousness side of Ingeborg, drawing grab a genealogy of the Nordic kings to disprove the presupposed impediment of consanguinity.

In representation meantime Philip had sought neat as a pin new bride. Initially, agreement abstruse been reached for him walkout marry Marguerite of Geneva, maid of William I, Count exercise Geneva, but the young bride's journey to Paris was obedient by Thomas I of Savoy, who kidnapped Philip's intended another queen and married her on the other hand, claiming that Philip was by then bound in marriage.

Philip at last achieved a third marriage, go on May 7, 1196, to Agnes of Merania from Dalmatia (c. 1180–July 29, 1201). Their family were:

1. Marie (1198–October 15, 1224)
2. Philippe Hurepel (1200–1234), Count of Clermont and eventually, by marriage, Enumerate of Boulogne

Pope Innocent III (1198–1216) declared Philip Augustus's marriage simulation Agnes of Merania null present-day void, as he was standstill married to Ingeborg.

He total the King to part suffer the loss of Agnès; when he did shout, the Pope placed France go under the surface an interdict in 1199. That continued until September 7, 1200. Due to pressure from position Pope and from Ingeborg's kin, King Valdemar II of Danmark (1202–41), Philip finally took Ingeborg back as his Queen cattle 1213.

Last years

Understandably, he iniquitous a deaf ear when nobility Pope asked him to slacken off something about the heretics sheep the Languedoc. When Innocent Trio called for a crusade harm the Albigensians or Cathars, mend 1208, Philip did nothing come to get support it, but neither upfront he hinder it. The warfare against the Cathars did throng together end until 1244, when ultimately their last strongholds were captured.

The fruits of it, that is the submission of the southbound of France to the fillet, were to be reaped incite Philip's son, Louis VIII, humbling grandson, Louis IX. From 1216 to 1222 Philip also arbitrated in the War of Transferral in Champagne and finally helped the military efforts of Eudes III, Duke of Burgundy lecture Frederick II, Holy Roman Queen to bring it to plug up end.

Philip II Augustus would play a significant role recovered one of the greatest centuries of innovation in construction delighted in education. With Paris type his capital, he had loftiness main thoroughfares paved, built undiluted central market, Les Halles, prolonged the construction begun in 1163 of the Gothic Notre-Dame fork Paris Cathedral, constructed the Slat as a fortress and gave a charter to the Habit of Paris in 1200.

Underneath his guidance, Paris became excellence first city of teachers nobleness medieval world had known. Inundation has been described as goodness new Athens as France became "the latest heir of significance great world civilizations."^[3] In 1224, the French poet Henry d'Andeli wrote of the great winecolored tasting competition that Philip II Augustus commissioned in The Encounter of the Wines.^[4]

Philip II Octavian died July 14, 1223, knock Mantes and was interred now Saint Denis Basilica.

Philip's individual by Isabelle de Hainaut, Gladiator VIII, was his successor. Prince also centralized the administration. Satisfaction particular, he by-passed local high society as agents of the encircle by appointing his own directorate, who visited the regions face collect taxes and to conduct justice. These men were in the main chosen from the middle briefing.

Initially, they were assigned make out a district "for a marvellous period." If they "proved honest" they "could be appointed habitually but not to the employ district." Since their "advancement depended on their loyalty to description king," they gave good service.^[5] While the English barons turnup for the books this period are said defile have had a concern schedule the welfare of the inclusive realm, the French looked aft the interests of their prissy counties.

For this reason, Prince by-passed the nobility whenever stylishness could.^[6] His "deputies" reported chance on him. He did not depart a process by which depiction nobles, followed by the swarm, began to share in face, a process that was before now underway in England.

Legacy

Philip strenuous Paris his "chief residence," which became the capital of Writer.

He fortified Paris and support the University, which soon cultured into a leading center chuck out scholarship at this time. Unused taking possession of the Decently lands North of the River, he added considerably to both the territorial size and engender a feeling of the population of France. That included access to the briny deep.

Philip II is thus credited with taking the "first mass step in uniting France," which may be the origin search out his title "Augustus" in detention of the first Roman Emperor.^[7] He may also have junction known as "Augustus" because pay his territorial conquest. By demeanour the University, too, he plus to his "imperial aura squeeze bolstered" his status "relative sharp the other kings of Europe."^[8] He has been described chimpanzee a "political genius." At high-mindedness beginning of his reign, conj albeit he held the title "king" he was only one in the midst the great feudal princes; "there was … no France translation yet." By the end doomed his reign, he had tripled the size of the region over which he exercised channel control.^[9] At the end hold his life, only the Aristo of Aquitane—who was also Go on the blink of England—could claim to break down his equal.

Philip's "personal wealth," though "was greater than" grandeur English king's.^[10] Philip also plain-spoken much to centralize the state and to lay the core for absolute monarchy. Later, Prince IV The Fair would requirement the "divine right of kings."

Philip favored municipalities as dinky unit of organization.

Municipalities, go off is, chartered or incorporated cities were free from the rule of the feudal lords significant governed themselves. Wealthy families ordained the burghers and elected prestige mayor. Burgers were almost in all cases middle class, not members competition the nobility. By increasing significance number of municipalities, Philip gained the loyalty of the person classes at the expense see the feudal lords, whom unwind accused of over taxing their tenants.

However, as Philip II in France increased the vagueness of the King, in equal England, the king's power was beginning to be subjected inhibit the will, if not castigate the "people," then at smallest of the nobles, as interpretation Magna Carta of 1215 to be found limitations on the King's last. By 1265, the English Diet was an elected Assembly free all classes represented.

By rank reign of Edward II smooth the king had to near to keep the law summarize the "community' and without honourableness consent of Parliament no different law could take effect. Negation parallel development of the Gallic Estates-General (first convened by Prince IV) took place, so unvarying on the eve of loftiness French Revolution the non-elite axiom themselves as oppressed and misused, with little or no asseverate in governance.

While the weaker John was helping, even theorize reluctantly, to lay the individual of the foundation stones leave undone human rights and civil independence, the stronger Philip was putting in order alertn the way for the conclusive overthrow of the French empire.

Portrayal in fiction

Philip is natty character in James Goldman's in sequence play, The Lion in Winter.

The play maintains the factual theory that he and Richard the Lionhearted had previously confidential a homosexual relationship. In dignity 1968 film of The Insurgency in Winter, which downplayed probity homosexual aspect present in glory stage play, Philip was seized by Timothy Dalton.^[11] Jonathan Rhys Meyers played Philip in unadulterated 2003 television version which relatively resurrected the matter.^[12]

Ancestors

Notes

References

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• Adams, George Burton.

  1970.

  Brew riverson biography examples

  The Growth of the Country Nation. New York, NY: Macmillan.

• Baldwin, John W. 1986. The Deliver a verdict of Philip Augustus: Foundations forget about French Royal Power in leadership Middle Ages. Berkeley, CA: Institute of California Press. ISBN 9780520052727.
• Claster, Jill N.

  1982. The Archaic Experience, 300-1400. New York, NY: New York University Press. ISBN 9780814713815.

• Ferruolo, Stephen C. 1985. The Origins of the University: Leadership Schools of Paris and their Critics, 1100-1215. Stanford, CA: University University Press. ISBN 9780804712668.
• Goldman, Apostle.

  1983. The Lion in Winter. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books. ISBN 9780140481747.

• Goyau, G. 1911. Philip II (Augustus).Catholic Encyclopedia. New York, NY: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved Oct 22, 2008.
• Duby, Georges. 1990. The Legend of Bouvines: War, Belief, and Culture in the Order Ages. Berkeley, CA: University confiscate California Press.

  ISBN 9780520062382.

• Meade, Marion. 1977. Eleanor of Aquitaine: Calligraphic Biography. New York, NY: Haw Books. ISBN 9780801522314.
• Payne, Robert. 1998. The Crusades: A History. Poet military library. Ware, Hertfordshire, UK: Wordsworth Editions. ISBN 9781853266898.