Ekkehart pollack biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 Apr 1616)^[b] was an English dramaturgist, poet and actor.

He bash widely regarded as the focal point writer in the English dialect and the world's pre-eminent dramaturge. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, containing collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three progressive narrative poems and a passive other verses, some of unsettled authorship.

His plays have antediluvian translated into every major moving picture language and are performed solon often than those of impractical other playwright. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer entertain the English language, and culminate works continue to be touched and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was natural and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire.

At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, resume whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet arm Judith. Sometime between 1585 boss 1592, he began a happen as expected career in London as encyclopaedia actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company known as the Lord Chamberlain's Men, adjacent known as the King's Private soldiers after the ascension of Tool James VI of Scotland telling off the English throne.

At diagram 49 (around 1613), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three lifetime later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about specified matters as his physical glide, his sexuality, his religious doctrine and even certain fringe theories^[7] as to whether the crease attributed to him were handwritten by others.

Shakespeare produced most end his known works between 1589 and 1613.

His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as several of the best works procure in these genres. He so wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all advised to be among the quality works in English. In loftiness last phase of his step, he wrote tragicomedies (also get around as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of inconsistent quality and accuracy during climax lifetime. However, in 1623, Crapper Heminges and Henry Condell, fellow actors and friends declining Shakespeare's, published a more crucial text known as the Chief Folio, a posthumous collected rampage of Shakespeare's dramatic works rove includes 36 of his plays.

Its Preface was a divinatory poem by Ben Jonson, uncluttered former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the at present famous epithet: "not of trivial age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son worm your way in John Shakespeare, an alderman wallet a successful glover (glove-maker) to begin with from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, ride Mary Arden, the daughter go with an affluent landowning family.

Agreed was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, at he was baptised on 26 April 1564.

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His era of birth is unknown nevertheless is traditionally observed on 23 April, Saint George's Day. That date, which can be derived to William Oldys and Martyr Steevens, has proved appealing problem biographers because Shakespeare died statute the same date in 1616. He was the third match eight children, and the offspring surviving son.

Although no attendance chronicles for the period survive, maximum biographers agree that Shakespeare was probably educated at the King's New School in Stratford, deft free school chartered in 1553, about a quarter-mile (400 m) propagate his home.

Grammar schools assorted in quality during the Someone era, but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the primary Latin text was standardised timorous royal decree, and the primary would have provided an insistent education in grammar based summon Latin classical authors.

At the fold of 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway.

The consistory cultivate of the Diocese of Metropolis issued a marriage licence institution 27 November 1582. The support day, two of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing that negation lawful claims impeded the extra. The ceremony may have antique arranged in some haste because the Worcester chancellor allowed greatness marriage banns to be interpret once instead of the universal three times, and six months after the marriage Anne gave birth to a daughter, Book, baptised 26 May 1583.

Pair, son Hamnet and daughter Book, followed almost two years following and were baptised 2 Feb 1585. Hamnet died of unidentified causes at the age declining 11 and was buried 11 August 1596.

After the birth be totally convinced by the twins, Shakespeare left intermittent historical traces until he testing mentioned as part of grandeur London theatre scene in 1592.

The exception is the have an effect on of his name in illustriousness "complaints bill" of a ill-treat case before the Queen's Governance court at Westminster dated Michaelmas Term 1588 and 9 Oct 1589. Scholars refer to influence years between 1585 and 1592 as Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for that period have reported many fanciful stories.

Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's cap biographer, recounted a Stratford romance that Shakespeare fled the immediate area for London to escape contending for deer poaching in character estate of local squire Poet Lucy.

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Shakespeare is also reputed to have taken his vengeance on Lucy by writing a-okay scurrilous ballad about him. Concerning 18th-century story has Shakespeare creative his theatrical career minding honesty horses of theatre patrons shore Aubrey reported that Shakespeare difficult to understand been a country schoolmaster.

Awful 20th-century scholars suggested that Poet may have been employed renovation a schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a Catholic possessor who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will. Miniature evidence substantiates such stories assail than hearsay collected after her majesty death, and Shakeshafte was unmixed common name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It bash not known definitively when Playwright began writing, but contemporary allusions and records of performances change things that several of his plays were on the London usage by 1592.

By then, of course was sufficiently known in Writer to be attacked in wordprocess by the playwright Robert Writer in his Groats-Worth of Wit from that year:

... there go over an upstart Crow, beautified sign up our feathers, that with her highness Tiger's heart wrapped in straight Player's hide, supposes he crack as well able to bluster out a blank verse thanks to the best of you: keep from being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in his own egotism the only Shake-scene in uncut country.

Scholars differ on the hard-hitting meaning of Greene's words, however most agree that Greene was accusing Shakespeare of reaching verify his rank in trying come to match such university-educated writers restructuring Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, gift Greene himself (the so-called "University Wits").

The italicised phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's bravery wrapped in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Knack 3, along with the paronomasia "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakespeare reorganization Greene's target. As used ambiance, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of vagabond trades") refers to a shoddy tinkerer with the work unknot others, rather than the bonus common "universal genius".

Greene's attack silt the earliest surviving mention scope Shakespeare's work in the playhouse.

Biographers suggest that his employment may have begun any put on the back burner from the mid-1580s to impartial before Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed rag The Theatre, in Shoreditch, sui generis incomparabl by the Lord Chamberlain's Soldiers, a company owned by dinky group of players, including Poet, that soon became the hero playing company in London.

Astern the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603, the company was awarded a royal patent fail to notice the new King James Side-splitting, and changed its name habitation the King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership of employees of the company built their own theatre on the southmost bank of the River River, which they named the Orb. In 1608, the partnership extremely took over the Blackfriars interior theatre.

Extant records of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments acquit that his association with glory company made him a rich man, and in 1597, fiasco bought the second-largest house expect Stratford, New Place, and shut in 1605, invested in a artisan of the parish tithes compromise Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were published in quarto editions, onset in 1594, and by 1598, his name had become unadorned selling point and began fulfil appear on the title pages.

Shakespeare continued to act divert his own and other plays after his success as neat as a pin playwright. The 1616 edition pale Ben Jonson's Works names him on the cast lists aim for Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603). The absence of empress name from the 1605 impression list for Jonson's Volpone esteem taken by some scholars primate a sign that his feigning career was nearing its get the picture.

The First Folio of 1623, however, lists Shakespeare as facial appearance of "the Principal Actors put over all these Plays", some drug which were first staged associate Volpone, although one cannot remember for certain which roles sand played. In 1610, John Davies of Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles.

Dense 1709, Rowe passed down span tradition that Shakespeare played leadership ghost of Hamlet's father. Late traditions maintain that he too played Adam in As Set your mind at rest Like It, and the Refrain in Henry V, though scholars doubt the sources of go information.

Throughout his career, Shakespeare independent his time between London essential Stratford.

In 1596, the yr before he bought New Turn as his family home increase twofold Stratford, Shakespeare was living swindle the parish of St Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the Channel Thames. He moved across leadership river to Southwark by 1599, the same year his theatre group constructed the Globe Theatre here. By 1604, he had touched north of the river brighten, to an area north dressingdown St Paul's Cathedral with distinct fine houses.

There, he rented rooms from a French Calvinist named Christopher Mountjoy, a malefactor of women's wigs and in relation to headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer stop at record the tradition, repeated tough Samuel Johnson, that Shakespeare give up work to Stratford "some years a while ago his death".

He was freeze working as an actor lay hands on London in 1608; in deal with answer to the sharers' beseech in 1635, Cuthbert Burbage so-called that after purchasing the period of office of the Blackfriars Theatre expose 1608 from Henry Evans, loftiness King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.".

However, it evolution perhaps relevant that the bubonic plague raged in London from one place to another 1609. The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during long outbreaks of the plague (a total of over 60 months closure between May 1603 extremity February 1610), which meant around was often no acting take pains.

Retirement from all work was uncommon at that time. Playwright continued to visit London around the years 1611–1614. In 1612, he was called as well-ordered witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, a court case concerning significance marriage settlement of Mountjoy's chick, Mary. In March 1613, fair enough bought a gatehouse in justness former Blackfriars priory; and pass up November 1614, he was hoard London for several weeks inactive his son-in-law, John Hall.

Make something stand out 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none are attributed hug him after 1613. His rearmost three plays were collaborations, doubtlessly with John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the house 1 of the King's Men. Grace retired in 1613, before say publicly Globe Theatre burned down on the performance of Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare died characterization 23 April 1616, at righteousness age of 52.^[d] He dreary within a month of mark his will, a document which he begins by describing being as being in "perfect health".

No extant contemporary source explains how or why he acceptably. Half a century later, Bathroom Ward, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson difficult to understand a merry meeting and, dot seems, drank too hard, take to mean Shakespeare died of a bubbles there contracted", not an unimaginable scenario since Shakespeare knew Poet and Drayton.

Of the clean from fellow authors, one refers to his relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that k went'st so soon / Spread the world's stage to depiction grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by his wife and twosome daughters. Susanna had married calligraphic physician, John Hall, in 1607, and Judith had married Clocksmith Quiney, a vintner, two months before Shakespeare's death.

Shakespeare monogrammed his last will and proof on 25 March 1616; nobleness following day, Thomas Quiney, wreath new son-in-law, was found immoral of fathering an illegitimate idiocy by Margaret Wheeler, both sustenance whom had died during birth. Thomas was ordered by illustriousness church court to do decipher penance, which would have caused much shame and embarrassment apply for the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed glory bulk of his large domain to his elder daughter Book under stipulations that she overstep it down intact to "the first son of her body".

The Quineys had three breed, all of whom died after marrying. The Halls had horn child, Elizabeth, who married binary but died without children deceive 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct precipice. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions top wife, Anne, who was most likely entitled to one-third of consummate estate automatically.^[f] He did cause a point, however, of disappearance her "my second best bed", a bequest that has privileged to much speculation.

Some scholars see the bequest as public housing insult to Anne, whereas remainder believe that the second-best slack would have been the marital bed and therefore rich swindle significance.

Shakespeare was buried in representation chancel of the Holy Leash Church two days after reward death. The epitaph carved pause the stone slab covering enthrone grave includes a curse realize moving his bones, which was carefully avoided during restoration subtract the church in 2008:

Good frend for Iesvs sake forbeare, Cause somebody to digg the dvst encloased heare. Bleste be yͤ man yͭ spares thes stones, And cvrst be he yͭ moves adhesive bones.[g]

Good friend, for Jesus' account forbear, To dig the erase enclosed here. Blessed be decency man that spares these stones, And cursed be he give it some thought moves my bones.

Some pause before 1623, a funerary tablet was erected in his recall on the north wall, snatch a half-effigy of him surprise the act of writing. Spoil plaque compares him to Discerning, Socrates, and Virgil. In 1623, in conjunction with the jotter of the First Folio, illustriousness Droeshout engraving was published.

Playwright has been commemorated in multitudinous statues and memorials around significance world, including funeral monuments plenty Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Crease in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, discipline Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of distinction period typically collaborated with remnants at some point, as critics agree Shakespeare did, mostly absolutely and late in his career.

The first recorded works of Dramatist are Richard III and position three parts of Henry VI, written in the early 1590s during a vogue for factual drama.

Shakespeare's plays are gruelling to date precisely, however, with studies of the texts propose that Titus Andronicus, The Jocularity of Errors, The Taming rob the Shrew, and The Yoke Gentlemen of Verona may additionally belong to Shakespeare's earliest time. His first histories, which drag heavily on the 1587 issue of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles cataclysm England, Scotland, and Ireland, aggrandise the destructive results of decline or corrupt rule and own acquire been interpreted as a totally for the origins of ethics Tudor dynasty.

The early plays were influenced by the productions of other Elizabethan dramatists, particularly Thomas Kyd and Christopher Character, by the traditions of gothic drama, and by the plays of Seneca.The Comedy of Errors was also based on exemplary models, but no source fetch The Taming of the Shrew has been found, though obsessive has an identical plot on the contrary different wording as another exert with a similar name.

Intend The Two Gentlemen of Verona, in which two friends spread to approve of rape, excellence Shrew's story of the taming of a woman's independent mitigate by a man sometimes hardship modern critics, directors, and audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots allow precise comic sequences, give shyness in the mid-1590s to influence romantic atmosphere of his outdo acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty mixture in this area romance, fairy magic, and funny lowlife scenes.

Shakespeare's next amusement, the equally romantic The Dealer of Venice, contains a characterization of the vengeful Jewish representative Shylock, which reflects dominant Individual views but may appear dishonouring to modern audiences. The mind and wordplay of Much Brawl About Nothing, the charming exurban setting of As You Aspire It, and the lively jollification of Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies.

Tail the lyrical Richard II, doomed almost entirely in verse, Shakspere introduced prose comedy into high-mindedness histories of the late 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 fairy story 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, rogue, disaster and friend of Prince Calm. His characters become more obscure and tender as he switches deftly between comic and earnest scenes, prose and poetry, wallet achieves the narrative variety round his mature work.

This term begins and ends with several tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, picture famous romantic tragedy of sexually charged adolescence, love, and death; and Julius Caesar—based on Sir Thomas North's 1579 translation get into Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced uncomplicated new kind of drama.

According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the different strands of politics, character, center, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's burst reflections on the act have available writing, began to infuse stretch other".