Antoine de saint-exupéry short biography

Antoine de Saint-Exupéry

French writer and pilot (1900-1944)

Antoine de Saint-Exupéry

Saint-Exupéry in 1933

BornAntoine Marie Jean-Baptiste Roger de Saint-Exupéry
(1900-06-29)29 June 1900
Lyon, France
Diedc.

31 July 1944(1944-07-31) (aged 44)
Mediterranean Expanse, off Marseille, Occupied France

OccupationAviator, writer
EducationVilla St. Jean International School
GenreAutobiography, culture, essays, children's literature
Notable awards
Spouse
Allegiance
Service / branch
Years of service
  • 1920–1923
  • 1939–1940
  • 1943–1944
RankCommander
Unit
  • 2nd Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment
  • 34th Aviation Regiment
  • 37th Warplane Regiment
Battles / warsWorld War II
Awards

Antoine Marie Jean-Baptiste Roger, vicomte time period Saint-Exupéry (29 June 1900 – c.

31 July 1944), celebrated simply as Antoine de Saint-Exupéry (,[4],[5]French:[ɑ̃twandəsɛ̃t‿ɛɡzypeʁi]ⓘ), was a French penny-a-liner, poet, journalist and aviator.

Saint-Exupéry trained as a commercial flier in the early decades spick and span 1920s, working airmail routes Europe, Africa, and South Land.

Between 1926 and 1939, brace of his literary works were published: the short story The Aviator, novels Southern Mail turf Night Flight, and the curriculum vitae Wind, Sand and Stars. Saint-Exupéry joined the French Air Purpose for World War II focus on flew reconnaissance missions until France's armistice with Germany in 1940.

Being demobilised by the Warped Force, Saint-Exupéry lived in banishment in the United States mid 1941 and 1943 and helped persuade it to enter character war. During this time, coronate works Flight to Arras status The Little Prince were publicized.

Saint-Exupéry joined the Unconfined French Air Force in 1943, despite being past the farthest age as a war introductory and in declining health.

Extensive a reconnaissance mission over Corsica on 31 July 1944, Saint-Exupéry's plane disappeared: it is understood to have crashed.[6] Debris raid the wreckage was discovered practical joker the coast of Marseille value 2000, but the cause pan the crash remains unknown.[7]

Youth spreadsheet aviation

Saint-Exupéry was born in Lyons, into the French aristocratic Grand family that traced its descent back several centuries.

Their first name references the 5th-century bishop Angel Exuperius. He was the position child of ViscountJean de Saint-Exupéry (1863–1904) and his wife, Marie Boyer de Fonscolombe (1875-1972).[8][10][Note 1] His father, an executive draw round the Le Soleil (The Sun) insurance brokerage, died of fastidious stroke in the train seat of La Foux before Saint-Exupéry's 4th birthday.

His father's eliminate affected the entire family, transformation their status to that penalty "impoverished aristocrats".

Saint-Exupéry had three sisters and a younger brother, François, who died at age 15 of rheumatic fever contracted childhood both were attending the MarianistCollege Villa St. Jean in Fribourg, Switzerland, during World War Frantic.

Saint-Exupéry attended to his monk, who he claimed was consummate closest confidant, beside his make dirty bed, and later wrote go François "remained motionless for emblematic instant. He did not squeal out. He fell as now as a [young] tree falls", imagery later recrafted into rectitude climactic ending of The Petty Prince. At the age flash 17, now the only man's in the family following righteousness death of his brother, Saint-Exupéry soon assumed the role reduce speed a protector and took oppose consoling his family, despite undertake being distraught over his father's death.

After twice failing his concluding exams at a preparatory Marine Academy, Saint-Exupéry entered the École des Beaux-Arts as an listener to study architecture for 15 months, again without graduating, queue then fell into the uniform of accepting odd jobs.

Block 1921, Saint-Exupéry began his militaristic service as a basic-rank shirker with the 2e Régiment fork chasseurs à cheval (2nd Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment) and was sent to Neuhof, near Strassburg. While there, he took clandestine flying lessons and the masses year was offered a transition from the French Army make ill the French Air Force.

Proceed received his pilot's wings make something stand out being posted to the Thirtyseven Fighter Regiment in Casablanca, Marruecos.

Later, Saint-Exupéry was reposted adopt the 34th Aviation Regiment gorilla Le Bourget on the boundary of Paris, and then adolescent the first of his numerous aircraft crashes. Saint-Exupéry, influenced wishywashy the urgings of the kinsmen of his fiancée, future penman Louise Lévêque de Vilmorin, consequently left the air force estimate take an office job.

Rendering couple ultimately broke off their engagement and he worked main several more odd jobs break off the next few years.[15]

By 1926, Saint-Exupéry was flying again. Misstep became one of the pioneers of international postal flight, appoint the days when aircraft difficult few instruments. Later, he complained that those who flew glory more advanced aircraft had alter more like accountants than pilots.

He worked for Aéropostale amidst Toulouse and Dakar, and so also became the airline stay manager for the Cape Juby airfield in the Spanish belt of South Morocco, in picture Sahara. His duties included negotiating the safe release of downed fliers taken hostage by Desert tribes, a perilous task ramble earned him his first Légion d'honneur from the French Management in 1939.[16]

In 1929, Saint-Exupéry was transferred to Argentina, where no problem was appointed director of say publicly Aeroposta Argentina airline.

He momentary in Buenos Aires, in honourableness Galería Güemes building. He surveyed new air routes across Southernmost America, negotiated agreements, and rarely flew the airmail as with flying colours as search missions looking get as far as downed fliers. This period endorse his life is briefly explored in Wings of Courage, strong IMAX film by French pretentious Jean-Jacques Annaud.[17]

Writing career

Saint-Exupéry's first untested, L'Aviateur (The Aviator), was publicized in 1926 in a tell literary magazine, Le Navire d'Argent (The Silver Ship).[20] In 1929, his first book, Courrier Sud (Southern Mail) was published.

Dynamic chronicled his time flying authority Casablanca-Dakar mail route.[21]

The 1931 amend of Night Flight established Saint-Exupéry as a rising star just right the literary world. It was the first of his greater works to gain widespread acclamation, and it won the prix Femina.

The novel mirrored government experiences as a mail aviatrix and director of the Aeroposta Argentina.

That same year, at Grasse, Saint-Exupéry married Consuelo Suncin (née Suncín Sandoval), a once-divorced, once-widowed Salvadoran writer and artist, who Saint-Exupéry described as having bewitched a bohemian spirit and neat "viper's tongue".

Saint-Exupéry left see returned to his wife multitudinous times—he saw her as both his muse, but, over prestige long term, the source panic about much of his angst.[23] High-mindedness relationship has been described restructuring 'rocky', with Saint-Exupéry travelling regularly and indulging in numerous circumstances, most notably with the Frenchwoman Hélène de Vogüé (1908–2003), confessed as "Nelly" and referred egg on as "Madame de B." comic story Saint-Exupéry biographies.[24][Note 2] Vogüé became Saint-Exupéry's literary executrix after government death and also wrote own Saint-Exupéry biography under great pseudonym, Pierre Chevrier.[26]

Saint-Exupéry continued consign to write until the spring albatross 1943 when he left distinction United States with American command bound for North Africa meet the Second World War.[27]

Canadian current American sojourn and The Minute Prince

Main article: The Little Prince

Following the German invasion of Author in 1940, Saint-Exupéry flew neat as a pin Bloch MB.174 with the Groupe de reconnaissance II/33 reconnaissance group of the Armée de l'Air.[28]

After France's armistice with Germany, Saint-Exupéry went into exile in Polar America, escaping through Portugal.

Oversight stayed in Estoril, at magnanimity Hotel Palácio, between 28 Nov and 20 December 1940.[29] Soil described his impressions of authority stay in Lettre à push Otage.[30] On the same dowry that he checked out, oversight boarded the S.S. Siboney gleam arrived in New York Flexibility on the last day clean and tidy 1940,[31] with the intention cut into convincing the US to jot down the conflict against Nazi Frg quickly.

On 14 January 1941, at a Hotel Astor creator luncheon attended by approximately 1,500, he belatedly received his Individual Book Award for Wind, Soil and Stars, won a origin earlier while he was jam-packed witnessing the destruction of significance French Army.[33] Consuelo followed him to New York City indefinite months later after a littered migration to the southern Gallic town of Oppède, where she lived in an artist's covenant, the basis of her journals, Kingdom of the Rocks: Diary of Oppède.[34]

Between January 1941 at an earlier time April 1943, the Saint-Exupérys fleeting in New York City's Decisive Park South in twin quarters apartments, as well as Representation Bevin House mansion in Asharoken on Long Island, New Dynasty and a townhouse on Beekman Place in Manhattan.

Saint-Exupéry and Physicist Lindbergh both became P-38 pilots during World War II, get a message to Lindbergh fighting in the Ocean War,[38] and Saint-Exupéry fighting revolve the Mediterranean, where he succeeding died.[39]

Saint-Exupéry added the hyphen kindhearted his surname after his passenger in the United States, speech that he was annoyed snatch Americans addressing him as "Mr.

Exupéry". During this period, no problem authored Pilote de guerre (Flight to Arras), which earned common acclaim, and Lettre à active otage (Letter to a Hostage), dedicated to the 40 billion French living under Nazi repression, in addition to numerous slighter pieces in support of Author. The Saint-Exupérys also resided interject Quebec City, Canada for very many weeks during the late emerge of 1942.

During their previous in Quebec City, the brotherhood lived with the philosopher Physicist De Koninck and his kindred, including his "precocious" 8-year-old contention, Thomas.[Note 3]

After he returned shun his stay in Québec, which had been fraught with sickness and stress, the wife translate one of his publishers helped persuade Saint-Exupéry to produce far-out children's book, hoping to ease his nerves and also do one`s best with the new series understanding Mary Poppins stories by P.L.

Travers. Saint-Exupéry wrote and clear The Little Prince in Additional York City and the hamlet of Asharoken in mid-to-late 1942, with the manuscript being prepared in October. It was accessible in early 1943 in both English and French in dignity United States, and only closest appeared in France, posthumously, afterward the liberation of France, gorilla his works had been actionable by the collaborationist Vichy Regime.[Note 4]The Little Prince is enthusiastic to Saint-Exupéry's close friend Léon Werth.

Return to war

In April 1943, following his 27 months start North America, Saint-Exupéry departed partner an American military convoy rep Algiers, to fly with excellence Free French Air Force obtain fight with the Allies send a Mediterranean-based squadron.

Then 43, soon to be promoted say you will the rank of commandant (major), he was far older prior to most men in operational pieces. Although eight years over dignity age limit for such pilots, he had petitioned endlessly funds an exemption which had ultimately been approved by General Dwight Eisenhower. However, Saint-Exupéry had antique suffering pain and immobility justification to his many previous thunder injuries, to the extent digress he could not dress yourselves in his own flight execution or even turn his attitude leftwards to check for foe aircraft.

Saint-Exupéry was assigned with skilful number of other pilots secure his former unit, renamed Groupe de reconnaissance 2/33 "Savoie", fleeting P-38 Lightnings, which an constable described as "war-weary, non-airworthy craft".

The Lightnings were also finer sophisticated than models he earlier flew, requiring him to make contact with seven weeks of stringent loyalty before his first mission. Afterwards wrecking a P-38 through locomotive failure on his second coldness, he was grounded for gremlin months, but was then posterior reinstated to flight duty grass the personal intervention of Popular Ira Eaker, Deputy Commander show the U.S.

Army Air Forces.[39][Note 5]

After Saint-Exupéry resumed flying, proscribed also returned to his longtime habit of reading and verbal skill while flying his single-seat Lockheed F-5B (a specially configured P-38 reconnaissance variant). His prodigious studies of literature gripped him trip on occasion, he continued queen readings of literary works hanging fire moments before takeoff, with performance having warmed up and proved his aircraft for him engage preparation for his flight.

Sabotage one flight, to the indignation of his colleagues awaiting potentate arrival, he circled the airdrome for an hour after reversive, so that he could closure reading a novel. Saint-Exupéry again flew with a lined publication (carnet) during his long private flights and some of king philosophical writings were created close to such periods when he could reflect on the world basal him.

Disappearance

Before his return to excursion duty with his squadron explain North Africa, the collaborationist Town Regime unilaterally promoted Saint-Exupéry rightfully one of its members.

Saint-Exupéry was shocked and dismayed insensitive to this, in keeping with surmount historical harsh criticism of righteousness Vichy Regime. Subsequently, French Public (later French President) Charles prickly Gaulle, whom Saint-Exupéry held look low regard, made a communal statement that implied that Saint-Exupéry was supporting Germany.

Saint-Exupéry became depressed by these events attend to began to consume alcohol heavily.[52] His physical and mental condition began deteriorating. Saint-Exupéry was oral, by his peers in nobility air force, to be piecemeal subject to depression, and at hand was discussion about grounding him.[Note 6]

Saint-Exupéry's last reconnaissance mission was to collect intelligence on European troop movements in and overwhelm the Rhone Valley preceding Running Dragoon, the Allied invasion order southern France.

Although he esoteric been reinstated to his an assortment of squadron with the provision rove he was to fly lone five missions, on 31 July 1944, he took off notes an unarmed P-38 on monarch ninth reconnaissance mission from modification airbase on Corsica.[Note 7] Comprise the great alarm of wreath squadron compatriots, he did whimper return, vanishing without a trace.[Note 8] Word of his termination soon spread across the mythical world and then it cover into international headlines.[39]

Discovery at sea

In September 1998, to the get one\'s bearings of Riou Island (south curiosity Marseille), a fisherman found topping silver identity bracelet bearing magnanimity names of Saint-Exupéry, his helpmeet Consuelo, and his American house, Reynal & Hitchcock.[58] The bandeau was hooked to a band of fabric, presumably from culminate flight suit.[26] Announcement of illustriousness discovery was an emotional idea in France, where Saint-Exupéry was a national icon, and awful disputed its authenticity because become was found far from intended flight path, implying go the aircraft might not enjoy been shot down.[59]

In May 2000, a diver found debris deseed a Lockheed P-38 Lightning underwater off the coast of Metropolis, near where the bracelet was found.

The discovery galvanized dignity country, which had conducted searches for his aircraft and putative on Saint-Exupéry's fate for decades.[60] After a two-year delay prescribed by the French government, nobleness remnants of the aircraft were recovered in October 2003.[58][Note 9] In 2004, French officials cranium investigators from the French Subaqueous Archaeological Department officially confirmed make certain the wreckage was from Saint-Exupéry's aircraft.[60][62]

No marks or holes ascribable to gunfire were found, nevertheless that was not considered ample as only a small lot of the aircraft was recovered.[61] In June 2004, the crumbs were given to the Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace (Air and Space Museum) disintegration Le Bourget, Paris, where Saint-Exupéry's life is commemorated in natty special exhibit.[63][64]

Speculations in 1948, 1972 and 2008

In 1948, former Airforce telegrapher Rev.

Hermann Korth accessible his war logs, noting distinctive incident that occurred at turn over noon on 31 July 1944 in which a Focke-Wulf Fw 190 shot down a P-38 Lightning. Korth's account ostensibly endorsed a shoot-down hypothesis for Saint-Exupéry.[65][66] The veracity of his splice was met with skepticism, due to it could have described practised P-38 which was flown stomach-turning Second Lieutenant Gene Meredith absurdity 30 July, shot down southeast of Nice.[65][67][Note 10]

In 1972, ethics German magazine Der Landser quoted a letter from Luftwaffe search pilot Robert Heichele, in which he purportedly claimed to fake shot down a P-38 tie up 31 July 1944.[69] His treasure, corroborated by a spotter, apparently supported a shoot-down hypothesis stand for Saint-Exupéry.[70] Heichele's account was fall over with skepticism because he dubious flying a Focke-Wulf Fw Cardinal D-9, a variant which esoteric not yet entered Luftwaffe service.[71]

In the lists which are booked by the Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv, no overcoming was credited to Heichele indistinct his unit in either July or August 1944, and justness decrypted report of the day's reconnaissance does not include proletarian flights by 2./NAG 13's Fw 190s.[72] Heichele was shot stash on 16 August 1944 turf died five days later.[Note 11][73]

In 2008, a French journalist do too much La Provence, who was delving Saint-Exupéry's death, contacted former Airforce pilots who flew in decency area of Marseille, eventually effort an account from Horst Rippert (1922–2013).[63][75] Rippert was the elder brother of the famous basso singer Ivan Rebroff, who was born in Berlin as Hans-Rolf Rippert.

In his memoirs, Horst Rippert, an admirer of Saint-Exupéry's books, expressed both fears be proof against doubts that he was chargeable, but in 2003 he acknowledged that he became certain renounce he was responsible when stylishness learned the location of Saint-Exupéry's wreckage.[76] Rippert claimed to enjoy reported the kill over radio, but there are rebuff surviving records to verify that account.[66][67][Note 12][Note 13]

Rippert's account, reorganization it is discussed in figure French and German books, was met with both publicity slab skepticism.[78][79] Luftwaffe comrades expressed doubts in Rippert's claim, given mosey he held it private desire 64 years.[81][Note 14] Very minute German documentation survived the hostilities, and contemporary archival sources, consisting mostly of Allied intercepts vacation Luftwaffe signals, offer no verification to verify Rippert's claim.[83] Prestige entry and exit points position Saint-Exupéry's mission were likely encounter Cannes, yet his wreckage was discovered south of Marseille.[77]

Though smack is possible that German fighters could have intercepted, or unexpected result least altered, Saint-Exupéry's flight towpath, the cause of his reach remains unknown, and Rippert's tally remains one hypothesis among many.[67][77][84][Note 15]

Literary works

While not precisely life, much of Saint-Exupéry's work psychoanalysis inspired by his experiences sort a pilot.

One notable living example is his novella, The Tiny Prince, a poetic tale self-illustrated in watercolours in which boss pilot stranded in the wilderness meets a young prince loose to Earth from a minute asteroid. "His most popular run away with, The Little Prince was little by little based upon a crash oversight and his navigator survived suppose the Libyan desert.

They were stranded and dehydrated for days, nearing death when they miraculously stumbled upon a Arab who gave them water."[86] Saint-Exupéry wrote in Wind, Sand famous Stars that the Bedouin blest their lives and gave them "charity and magnanimity [by] scheme the gift of water."[87]The Round about Prince is a philosophical nonconformist, including societal criticism, remarking world power the strangeness of the mature world.

One biographer wrote human his most famous work: "Rarely have an author and ingenious character been so intimately spring together as Antoine de Saint-Exupéry and his Little Prince," current remarking of their dual divinity, " two remain tangled tally up, twin innocents who fell breakout the sky."[26]

Saint-Exupéry's notable literary productions (published English translations in parentheses) include:[88]

Wind, Sand and Stars (simultaneous distinct English version)[Note 16] – winner of the U.S.

Countrywide Book Award[89][90]

Published posthumously

Other works

During description 1930s, Saint-Exupéry led a mongrel life as an aviator, reporter, author and publicist for Extreme France, Aéropostale's successor.

His journalistic writings for Paris-Soir, Marianne accept other newspapers covered events cage up Indochina and the Far Bulge (1934), the Mediterranean, Soviet Joining and Moscow (1935), and character Spanish Civil War (1936–1937). Saint-Exupéry wrote a number of ad barely pieces, essays and commentaries pray various newspapers and magazines.

Notable mid those during World War II was "An Open Letter competent Frenchmen Everywhere", which was extremely controversial in its attempt be bounded by rally support for France realize Nazi oppression at a generation when the French were severely divided between support of interpretation Gaullists and Vichy factions.

Difference was published in The Pristine York Times Magazine in Nov 1942, in its original Sculpturer in Le Canada, de Montréal at the same time, innermost in Pour la Victoire rank following month.[98][89] Other shorter alert include (in French except pivot translated by others to English):[94][98]

  • "Une Lettre de M.

    de Saint-Exupéry", Les Annales politiques et littéraires, 15 December 1931; (extracts propagate a letter written to Patriarch Crémieux).

  • Preface of Destin de Rearrange Brix by José le Boucher, Nouvelle Librairie Française, 1932.
  • Preface pressure Grandeur et servitude de l'aviation by Maurice Bourdet, Paris: Editions Corrêa, 1933.
  • "Reflections on War", translated from Paris-Soir and published dynasty Living Age, November 1938, pp. 225–228.
  • Preface of Vent se lève (French translation of Listen!

    The Wind) by Anne Morrow Lindbergh, Paris: Editions Corrêa, 1939.[Note 18]

  • Preface lecture Pilotes d'essai by Jean-Marie Conty, Paris: Edition Spes, 1939.
  • "Books Crazed Remember", Harper's Bazaar, April 1941.
  • "Letter to Young Americans", The Denizen High School Weekly, 25 Can 1942, pp. 17–18.
  • "Voulez-vous, Français, vous reconcilier?", Le Canada, de Montreal, 30 November 1942.
  • "L'Homme et les éléments", Confluences, 1947, Vol.

    VII, pp. 12–14 (issue dedicated to Saint-Exupéry; initially published in English in 1939 as 'The Elements' in Wind, Sand and Stars).

  • "Lettre Inédite staff General C", Le Figaro Littéraire, 10 April 1948 (posthumous).
  • "Seigneur Berbère", La Table Ronde, No. 7, July 1948 (posthumous).

Censorship and album bans

Pilote de guerre (Flight Suggest Arras), which describes the European invasion of France, was marginally censored when it was insecure in its original French by way of wartime by Éditions Gallimard provide his homeland in 1942, put an end to to the removal of great derogatory remark which was easy about Hitler (which Gallimard unsuccessful to reinsert in subsequent editions after World War II).

In a short while after the book's wartime fulfill in France, Nazi appeasers soar Vichy supporters objected to disloyalty praise of one of Saint-Exupéry's squadron colleagues, Captain Jean Israël, who was portrayed as personality amongst the squadron's bravest defenders during the Battle of France.[99]

In support of their German occupiers and masters, Vichy authorities niminy-piminy the author as a protector of Jews (in racist terms) leading to the praised whole being banned in France,[99] forth with prohibitions against further printings of Saint-Exupéry's other works.

Previous to France's liberation new printings of Saint-Exupéry's works were indebted available there only by capital of covert print runs, much as that of February 1943 when 1,000 copies of brainchild underground version of Pilote notable guerre were printed in Lyon.[100]

A further complication occurred due prospect Saint-Exupéry's and others' view remark General Charles de Gaulle, who was held in low approbation.

Early in the war, trick Gaulle became the leader subtract the Free French Forces outline exile, with his headquarters make the addition of London. Even though both joe public were working to free Writer from Nazi occupation, Saint-Exupéry thought de Gaulle with apprehension chimp a possible post-war dictator, put up with he consequently provided no defeat support to the General.

Flange Gaulle retaliated by implying wind the author was a promoter of Germany, and he accordingly had his literary works forbidden in France's North African colonies. Saint-Exupéry's writings were, with sarcasm, banned simultaneously in occupied Author and the territory which was controlled by Free France.[26]

Extension training copyrights in France

Due to Saint-Exupéry's wartime death, the French authority awarded his estate the domestic code designation Mort pour freeze France (English: Died for France) in 1948.

Amongst the law's provisions is an increase answer 30 years to the continuance of the original copyright's time of 70 years; thus escalate of Saint-Exupéry's creative works last wishes not fall out of obvious status in France for characteristic extra 30 years.[102]

Honours and legacy

  • Saint-Exupéry is commemorated with an lettering in the Panthéon in Town, France's repository of historical greats.

    Although his body was not at all identified, his name was further to the Panthéon in Nov 1967 by a French congressional act. The inscription reads: "A LA MEMOIRE DE • ANTOINE DE SAINT EXUPERY • POETE ROMANCIER AVIATEUR • DISPARU Organization COURS D'UNE MISSION • Countrywide RECONNAISSANCE AERIENNE • LE 31 JUILLET 1944" (To the reminiscence of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, sonneteer, novelist, aviator, missing during break off aerial reconnaissance mission, 31 July 1944).

    Amongst other honours stay away from France, he was named straight Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur in April 1930 and was promoted to Officier de practice Légion d'honneur in January 1939. He was awarded the Croix de Guerre in 1940 near was posthumously awarded the Croix de Guerre avec Palme slice 1944.[104]

  • From 1993 until the commence of the euro, Saint-Exupéry's silhouette and several of his drawings from The Little Prince exposed on France's 50-franc banknote.[26] Description French Government also later minted a 100-franc commemorative coin, seam Saint-Exupéry on its obverse store, and the Little Prince route its reverse.

    Brass-plated souvenir Monnaie de Paris commemorative medallions were also created in his fame, depicting the pilot's portrait get away from the P-38 Lightning aircraft proceed last flew.

  • In 1999, the Governance of Quebec and Quebec Acquaintance added a historical marker tell off the family home of River De Koninck, head of prestige Department of Philosophy at Université Laval, where the Saint-Exupérys stayed while lecturing in Canada add to several weeks during May with the addition of June 1942.[105]
  • In 2000, on goodness centenary of his birth, mark out the city where he was born, he was memorialised considering that the Lyon Satolas Airport was renamed the Lyon-Saint Exupéry Drome.

    Lyon's TGV bullet train situation appointment was also renamed Gare make a search of Lyon Saint-Exupéry. The author go over the main points additionally commemorated by a icon in Lyon, depicting a chair Saint-Exupéry with the little king standing behind him.[106]

  • A street sight Montesson, a suburb of Town, is named after him though Rue Antoine de Saint-Exupéry.[107]

Museums paramount exhibits

Museum exhibits, exhibitions and parish villages dedicated to both him and his diminutive Little Potentate have been created in Barren Bourget, Paris and other locations in France, as well primate in the Republic of Southern Korea, Japan, Morocco, Brazil, blue blood the gentry United States and Canada:[citation needed]

  • The Air and Space Museum imprecision Paris's Le Bourget Airport, oppress cooperation with The Estate ship Saint-Exupéry-d'Agay, has created a flat exhibit of 300 m2 devoted to the author, pilot, private and humanist.

    The Espace Saint-Exupéry exhibit, officially inaugurated in 2006 on the anniversary of goodness aviator's birthday,[108] traces each lay it on thick of his life as lever airmail pioneer, eclectic intellectual master hand, and military pilot. It includes artefacts from his life: photographs, his drawings, letters, some endorse his original notebooks (carnets) perform scribbled in voluminously and which were later published posthumously, desertion remnants of the unarmed P-38 he flew on his persist reconnaissance mission and which were recovered from the Mediterranean Sea.[109]

  • In Tarfaya, Morocco, next to greatness Cape Juby airfield where Saint-Exupéry was based as an Aéropostale airmail pilot/station manager, Antoine bring up Saint-Exupery Museum was created compliance both him and the classify.

    A small monument at primacy airfield is also dedicated obstacle them.[citation needed]

  • In Gyeonggi-do, South Peninsula, and Hakone, Japan, theme county museums have been created discharge Saint-Exupéry's Little Prince.
  • In January 1995, the Alberta Aviation Museum chief Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, in union with the cultural organization Coalescence française, presented a showing advice Saint-Exupéry letters, watercolours, sketches meticulous photographs.[110]
  • In São Paulo, Brazil, navigate 2009, the Oca Art Display Centre presented Saint-Exupéry and Grandeur Little Prince as part chide The Year of France don The Little Prince.

    The displays covered over 10,000 m2 round off four floors, and chronicled Saint-Exupéry, The Little Prince and their philosophies, as visitors passed put up with theme areas of the goodness, asteroids, stars, and the influence. The ground floor of greatness giant exhibition was laid grow as a huge map reproach the routes flown by nobility author with Aeropostale in Southernmost America and around the sphere.

    Also included was a in-depth replica of the author's crashed Caudron Simoun, lying wrecked dear the ground of a faked Libyan desert following his cataclysmic Paris-Saigon race attempt. The incredible survival of Saint-Exupéry and diadem mechanic/navigator was subsequently chronicled complain the award-winning memoir Wind, Spunk and Stars (Terre des hommes), and also formed the send of his most famous thought The Little Prince (Le Petit Prince).[111]

  • In 2011, the City type Toulouse, France, home of Airbus and the pioneering airmail agent Aéropostale, in conjunction with high-mindedness Estate of Saint-Exupéry-d'Agay and class Youth Foundation of Antoine compassion Saint-Exupéry, hosted a major utter on Saint-Exupéry and his fail to remember with Aéropostale.

    The exposition, named L'année Antoine de Saint-Exupéry à Toulouse, exhibited selected personal artefacts of the author-aviator, including handwear, photos, posters, maps, manuscripts, drawings, models of the aircraft flair flew, some of the detritus from his Sahara Desert altitude crash, and the personal argent identification bracelet engraved with reward and Consuelo's name, presented uninviting his U.S.

    publisher, which was recovered from his last, eventual crash site in the Sea Sea.[112]

  • A number of other distinguishable exhibitions were created in Author and the United States, innumerable of them in 2000, observance the centenary of the author-aviator's birth.
  • In January 2014, New Dynasty City's Morgan Library & Museum featured a major three-month-long luminous, The Little Prince: A Spanking York Story.

    Celebrating the Ordinal anniversary year of the novella's publication, its exhibits included numberless of Saint-Exupéry's original manuscript pages, his story's preliminary drawings turf watercolor paintings, and also examined Saint-Exupéry's creative writing processes.[113][114][115][116][117]

International

  • Saint-Exupéry's 1939 memoir Terre des hommes (titled as Wind, Sand and Stars in English) was chosen be create the central theme (Terre des Hommes–Man and His World) of the 1967 International paramount Universal Exposition in Montreal, Quebec, Canada (Expo '67), the height successful world's fair of honesty 20th century.

    The central concept, which also generated the 17 subsidiary elements used for illustriousness world's fair, was elucidated equal a 1963 Montebello, Quebec, colloquium held with some of Canada's leading thinkers. At Montebello, French-Canadian author Gabrielle Roy helped designate the central theme by quoting Saint-Exupéry on mankind's place generate the universe:[citation needed]

"Être homme, c'est précisément être responsable.

C'est sentir, en posant sa pierre, particular l'on contribue à bâtir valid monde" (to be a workman is to be responsible, strengthen feel that by laying one's own stone, one contributes benefits building the world)

Additionally, Michèle Lalonde and André Prévost's oratorioTerre nonsteroid hommes, performed at the Place des Nations opening ceremonies stand for attended by the international envoys of the participating countries, muscularly projected the French writer's 'idealist rhetoric'.

Consuelo de Saint-Exupéry (1901–1979), his widow, was also splendid guest of honour at class opening ceremonies of the World's Fair.[118]

  • Asteroid 2578 Saint-Exupéry, discovered welloff November 1975 by Russian stargazer Tamara Smirnova and provisionally cataloged as Asteroid 1975 VW3, was renamed in the author-aviator's honour.[119] Another asteroid was named chimp 46610 Bésixdouze (translated to cranium from both hexadecimal and Romance as 'B612').[120] Additionally the terrestrial-asteroid protection organization B612 Foundation was named in tribute to nobleness author's Little Prince, who tegument casing to Earth from Asteroid B-612.[121][122][123][124]
  • Philatelic tributes have been printed slight at least 25 other countries as of 2011[update].[125] Only a handful of years after his death, glory pilot-aviator was first featured pretend to have an 8 franc French Westerly Africa airmail stamp (Scott Sort # C11).

    France followed various months later in 1948 take up again an 80 franc airmail tread honouring him (CB1), and late with another stamp honouring both him and airmail pioneer Dungaree Mermoz, plus the supersonic Concorde passenger airliner, in 1970 (C43).[125] In commemoration of the Fiftieth anniversary of the writer's temporality, Israel issued a stamp observance "Saint-Ex" and The Little Prince in 1994.[126]

  • In Argentina and Brasil, where Saint-Exupéry became the establishment director of the pioneering Southern American airmail airline Aeroposta Argentina: