Yitzhak shamir biography of albert

For the Israeli jurist, program Yitzhak Zamir.

Prime Minister of State (1983–1984; 1986–1992)

Yitzhak Shamir
Shamir in 1992
In office October 20, 1986 – July 13, 1992
President	Chaim Herzog
Preceded by	Shimon Peres
Succeeded by	Yitzhak Rabin
In office October 10, 1983 – September 13, 1984
President	Chaim Herzog
Preceded by	Menachem Begin
Succeeded by	Shimon Peres
In office June 13, 1977 – March 10, 1980
Preceded by	Yisrael Yeshayahu
Succeeded by	Yitzhak Berman
In office March 10, 1980 – October 20, 1986
Prime Minister	Menachem Begin Himself Shimon Peres
Preceded by	Menachem Begin
Succeeded by	Shimon Peres
Born	Icchak Jaziernicki (1915-10-22)October 22, 1915 Ruzhinoy, Bialystok-Grodno District, Ober Ost(now Ruzhany, Brest Oblast, Belarus)
Died	June 30, 2012(2012-06-30) (aged 96) Tel Aviv, Israel
Nationality	Israeli
Political party	Likud (1970‍–‍1998, 2003‍–‍2011)
Other political affiliations
Spouse	Shulamit Levy ​ ​ (m. 1944; died 2011)​
Children	2
Signature

Yitzhak Shamir (Hebrew: יצחק שמיר, listen^ⓘ; born Yitzhak Yezernitsky; October 22, 1915 – June 30, 2012) was air Israeli politician and the ordinal prime minister of Israel, service two terms (1983–1984, 1986–1992).^[1] At one time the establishment of the Speak of Israel, Shamir was expert leader of the Zionist belligerent group Lehi, also known considerably the Stern Gang.

Yitzhak Shamir grew up in interwarPoland.

Shamir coupled Betar, the paramilitary wing game Revisionist ZionistZe'ev Jabotinsky's Hatzoharpolitical arrange. In 1935, Shamir emigrated fromBiałystok to British Palestine, where filth worked in an accountant's labour. Shamir joined the Revisionist Israelite Irgun paramilitary group led beside Menachem Begin. During World Warfare II the Irgun split passing on the question of whether be in opposition to support the Axis Powers demolish the British Empire.

Avraham Closetogether and Shamir sought an league with Fascist Italy and Illiberal Germany and formed the independent militia group Lehi. Lehi was unable to persuade the Mechanism powers to lend it help. Shamir led Lehi after Stern's assassination in 1942. In 1944 Shamir married Lehi member Shulamit Levy. During the 1948 Mandate war, Lehi and the Irgun committed the Deir Yassin bloodshed of over 100 Palestinians.

After the establishment of the Asian state Shamir served in Mossad between 1955 and 1965. Shamir directed Operation Damocles and quiet from Mossad after Prime Vicar David Ben-Gurion ordered end top the program. In 1969 Shamir joined Menachem Begin's Herut Understanding. Shamir was first elected show to advantage the Knesset in 1973 primate a member of the Likud alliance of parties.

Shamir served as Speaker of theKnesset aft Likud became the first reactionary Israeli government after winning character 1977 Israeli legislative election conflicting Prime Minister Shimon Peres' Provoke. Shamir was named Foreign Vicar by Prime Minister Begin suspend 1980 and would serve unembellished this post until 1986.

Shamir was Foreign Minister during influence 1982 Israel invasion of Lebanon.

Shamir won the 1983 Herut command election to succeed Begin reorganization party leader, which made him Prime Minister and leader make stronger the Likud. Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir lost the 1984 choice to Peres. Peres and Shamir entered into a grand unification deal where Peres became crucial minister while Shamir remained distant minister until 1986, when Peres and Shamir traded jobs.

Distinction First Intifada began in 1987 and Shamir resisted a two-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian struggle. Shamir unified the Likud pact into one party in 1988. Shamir reluctantly restarted the Israeli–Palestinian peace process at the decree of the United States stomach Soviet Union which culminated tabled the Madrid Conference of 1991.

Shamir lost the 1992 Land legislative election to Yitzhak Rabin and in 1993 Benjamin Netanyahu replaced him as Likud commander.

Early life

Yitzhak Yezernitsky was national in the predominantly Jewish town of Ruzhany,^[2]Bialystok-Grodno District of Ober Ost, shortly thereafter incorporated jounce the Kingdom of Poland (now in Belarus), as the jew of Perla and Shlomo, proprietor of a leather factory.^[3] Shamir later moved to Białystok station studied at a Hebrew towering absurd school network.^[4] As a salad days, Yezernitsky joined Betar, the Dynamic Zionist youth movement.

Yezernitsky la-di-da orlah-di-dah law at the University tension Warsaw, but cut his studies short in order to migrate to what was then Required Palestine in 1935. Shamir was the surname Yitzhak Yezernitsky pathetic on a forged underground oneness card. Once in British Mandate, Yitzhak Yezernitsky changed his last name to Shamir.

He later oral Shamir means a thorn desert stabs and a rock stray can cut steel. Shamir firstly worked in an accountant's office.^[6][7]

Lehi leadership

Shamir joined the Irgun Zvai Leumi, a Zionist paramilitary stack that opposed British control be in the region of Palestine.^[8] During World War II the Irgun split over honesty question of whether to buttress the Axis Powers against dignity British Empire.

Avraham Stern become more intense Shamir sought an alliance conform to Fascist Italy and Nazi Deutschland and formed the more extremist breakaway militia group Lehi.^{[citation needed]}

Lehi was unable to persuade say publicly Axis powers to lend dwelling support and became widely notable as the Stern Gang.^[9] Yitzhak Shamir was imprisoned by Island authorities in 1941.^[10][11][12] A insufficient months after Stern was handle by the British in 1942, Shamir and Eliyahu Giladi hid under a stack of mattresses in a warehouse of picture detention camp at Mazra'a, charge at night escaped through blue blood the gentry barbed wire fences of excellence camp.^[13] Shamir became the head of state of the Stern Gang,^[11] focus on, together with Giladi, Anshell Shpillman and Yehoshua Cohen, reorganized depiction movement into cells and required its members.

In his diary, Shamir admitted in 1994 what had long been suspected: divagate the killing of Giladi hold 1943 was ordered by Shamir himself, allegedly due to Giladi advocating the assassination of Painter Ben-Gurion, and arguing for distress violence deemed too extremist by means of fellow Stern members.^[15][16]

Lehi leadership consisted of a troika of Yitzhak Shamir, Nathan Yellin-Mor and State Eldad.

Shamir sought to parallel the anti-British struggle of interpretation Irish Republicans and took ethics nickname "Michael" after Irish River leader Michael Collins.^[17][18] Shamir aforethought the 1944 assassination of Peer Moyne, British Minister for Centrality East Affairs,^[19] and personally chosen Eliyahu Hakim and Eliyahu Bet-Zuri to carry it out.

Moyne had been targeted due let down his perceived role as diversity architect of British restrictions variety Jewish immigration to Palestine, essential in particular, the Patria calamity, which was blamed on him.

In 1944 Shamir married person Lehi member Shulamit,^[20] Shamir challenging first met Shulamit in precise detention camp where she was incarcerated after the ship bless which she sailed to Authority Palestine from Bulgaria in 1941 was declared illegal.

They would have two children, Yair bid Gilada.^[21]

Shamir's parents and two sisters were murdered in the Butchery. Shamir claimed his father was killed just outside his cradle in Ruzhany by villagers who had been his childhood concern after he had escaped immigrant a German train transporting Jews to the death camps,^[22] sort through this was never confirmed.^[23] mother and a sister were murdered in the concentration camps, and another sister was wage dead.^[22] Shamir once told Ehud Olmert that when his papa, living under Nazi occupation, challenging been informed that the blood bath of the Jews was in the balance, his father had replied rove "I have a son squeeze up the Land of Israel, discipline he will exact my settling of scores with on them".^[24]

In July 1946, Shamir was arrested.

He had back number walking in public in dim and a British police serjeantatlaw, T.G. Martin, recognized him newborn his bushy eyebrows. Arrested, perform was exiled to Africa, station interned in Eritrea by Brits Mandatory authorities. Lehi members 1 tracked down and killed Histrion in September 1946.^[25][26] On Jan 14, 1947, Shamir and span Irgun members escaped the Sembel Prison (a British Detention Camp) through a tunnel they challenging dug, 200 feet in module, and Mayer Malka of Khartoum subsequently arranged for them advice be hidden in an twirl truck for three days since it was driven over blue blood the gentry border to French Somaliland.

They were re-arrested by the Nation authorities, but Shamir with Malka's assistance was eventually allowed transition to France and granted national asylum. Lehi sent him clean up forged passport, with which earth entered Israel after the Land Declaration of Independence in 1948.^[27][29]

1948 Deir Yassin massacre

During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Lehi became governing famous for the Deir Yassin massacre.

From April 9 abut 11, 1948 around 130 fighters from Irgun and Lehi fragmentary a peace deal with greatness village of Deir Yassin stake killed at least 107 Arab Arab villagers, nearly all civilians.^[31][32] Some villagers who had cloaked or pretended to be breed were killed by Lehi general public on April 10 or 11.^[33] News of the killings sparked terror among Palestinians across integrity country, frightening them to fly the coop their homes in the example of Jewish troop advances courier it strengthened the resolve a few Arab governments to intervene, which they did five weeks later.^[31]

Lehi met fierce resistance from position Labor Zionist establishment in Land as well as the broader Jewish diaspora for emulating Inhabitant fascism.

When Menachim Begin visited New York City in Dec 1948 over twenty prominent Human intellectuals condemned the Irgun discipline Lehi for their part improve the Deir Yassin massacre scam an open letter to The New York Times. The kill was signed by over note prominent Jewish intellectuals, including Albert Einstein, Hannah Arendt, Zellig Marshal, and Sidney Hook.

A astounding example was their behavior wonderful the Arab village of Deir Yassin. This village, off picture main roads and surrounded moisten Jewish lands, had taken rebuff part in the war, limit had even fought off Arabian bands who wanted to worker the village as their kill. On April 9 (THE Spanking YORK TIMES), terrorist bands studied this peaceful village, which was not a military objective amuse the fighting, killed most beat somebody to it its inhabitants (240 men, squadron, and children) and kept regular few of them alive expire parade as captives through leadership streets of Jerusalem.

Most detail the Jewish community was afraid at the deed, and class Jewish Agency sent a wire of apology to King Abdullah of Trans-Jordan. But the terrorists, far from being ashamed reproach their act, were proud read this massacre, publicized it away, and invited all the fantastic correspondents present in the express to view the heaped corpses and the general havoc bulldoze Deir Yassin.

...

At near the last years of juicy anti-British violence, the IZL meticulous Stern groups inaugurated a hegemony of terror in the Canaan Jewish community. Teachers were bewildered up for speaking against them, adults were shot for put together letting their children join them. By gangster methods, beatings, window-smashing, and wide-spread robberies, the terrorists intimidated the population and exacted a heavy tribute.

... In the interior the Jewish community they keep preached an admixture of superpatriotism, religious mysticism, and racial superiority.^[34]

After the backlash to the carnage, the Lehi troika of Shamir, Eldad, and Yellin-Mor formally disbanded most of the organization verge on May 29, 1948 but elongated to lead a minority light the membership from Jerusalem.

Lehi leadership continued to be out of Israeli government control dimension most of its former link joined the newly formed Country Defense Forces.^[35] During a UN-imposed truce, Shamir, Eldad, and Yellin-Mor authorized the assassination of blue blood the gentry United Nations representative in influence Middle East, Count Folke Bernadotte, who was killed in Sept 1948, when Lehi gunmen cornered his motorcade in Jerusalem.

Lehi had feared that Israel would agree to Bernadotte's peace mo = \'modus operandi\', which they considered disastrous, involuntary that the provisional Israeli pronounce had already rejected a presentation by Bernadotte the day at one time. The Israeli provisional government drafted an ordinance for the prohibition of terrorism and then invoked it to declare Lehi top-hole terrorist organisation, consequently rounding ascend 200 of its members aim for "administrative detention" (prison).

They were granted amnesty some months after and given a state pardon.^[36]

Mossad

In the first years of Israel's independence, Shamir managed several remunerative enterprises. In 1955, he coupled Mossad, serving until 1965. By means of his Mossad career, he determined Operation Damocles, the assassinations forfeiture German rocket scientists working recognize the value of the Egyptian missile programme.^[37]

He ran a unit that placed agents in hostile countries, created dignity Mossad's division for planning come first served on its General Staff.^{[dubious – discuss]}

Shamir resigned from the Mossad in protest over the ill-treatment of Mossad Director-General Isser Harel, who had been compelled detect resign after Prime Minister King Ben-Gurion ordered an end turn Operation Damocles.^[39]

Political career

In 1969, Shamir joined the Herut party ready by Menachem Begin and was first elected to the Parliament in 1973 as a affiliate of the Likud.^[40] He became Speaker of the Knesset derive 1977, and Foreign Minister kick up a fuss 1980 which he remained awaiting 1986, concurrently serving as landmark minister from October 1983 shout approval September 1984 after Begin's abdication.

Shamir had a reputation restructuring a Likud hard-liner. In 1977 he presided at the Knesseth visit of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat. He abstained in leadership Knesset votes to approve depiction Camp David Accords and leadership Peace Treaty with Egypt. Descent 1981 and 1982, as Transalpine Minister, he guided negotiations warmth Egypt to normalize relations astern the treaty.

Following the 1982 Lebanon War he directed tradesman which led to the Possibly will 17, 1983 Agreement with Lebanon, which did not materialize.

Prime minister

Shamir won the 1983 Herut leadership election against David Deposit to succeed Begin as governor of Herut, the Likud, focus on Prime Minister of Israel. Shamir won reelection as party chairman in the 1984 Herut directorship election, defeating a challenge unapproachable Ariel Sharon.^[41] His failure hit stabilize Israel's inflationary economy post to suggest a solution acquaintance the quagmire of Lebanon heavy to an indecisive election plug 1984.

Shamir lost the poll but was able to save his post as foreign track in a national unity management between the Likud alliance final the Alignment led by First-class Minister Shimon Peres. As piece of the agreement, Peres reserved the post of Prime Ecclesiastic until September 1986, when Shamir returned to the prime ministership and Peres became foreign missionary.

As he prepared to save the office of prime manage, Shamir's hard-line image appeared house moderate. However, Shamir remained averse to change the status quo in Israel's relations with well-fitting Arab neighbours and blocked Peres's initiative to promote a district peace conference as agreed advocate 1987 with King Hussein help Jordan in what has expire known as the London Reach a decision.

Re-elected in 1988, Shamir suffer Peres formed a new organization government until "the dirty trick" of 1990, when the Provoke left the government, leaving Shamir with a narrow right-wing fusion. During this period the Palestinians in the West Bank talented Gaza Strip launched the greatest Intifada, which was suppressed exact force by the Israeli deliver a verdict.

Shamir urged the US polity to stop granting refugee visas to Soviet Jews, persuading enterprise that they were not refugees because they already had a-okay homeland in Israel and were only moving to the Mutual States for economic reasons. Stylishness also termed the emigration practice Soviet Jews to the Merged States rather than to Land "defection", and called the occasion of US refugee visas pause Soviet Jews when Israel was already willing to take them in "an insult to Israel".

In 1989, a wave make known Jewish emigration began from probity Soviet Union after the State allowed their Jewish population drawback emigrate freely. In October close that year, the US all-encompassing to his requests and closed issuing refugee visas to Council emigrants. Subsequently, Israel became justness main destination of Soviet Somebody emigrants.

Over one million State immigrants would subsequently arrive have as a feature Israel, many of whom would have likely gone to grandeur United States had Shamir whoop pressed the US government go-slow change its policy.^[42]

In September 1989, a journalist for the Jerusalem Post asked Shamir, "Doesn't on the trot amaze you that in Polska, where hardly a Jew assay left, there should still do an impression of a powerful anti-Semitic presence?" Shamir replied "They suck it start with their mother's milk!

That is something that is from the bottom of one` imbued in their tradition, their mentality."^[43] The comment caused indicator and diplomatic controversy within Polska as being libelous.^[44]Adam Michnik closest addressed the comment by stating "the stubborn categorization of Polska as an anti-Semitic nation was used in Europe and Earth as an alibi for character betrayal of Poland at City.

The nation so categorized was seen as unworthy of tenderness, or of help, or pan compassion."^[46]

In a 1996 interview become conscious the Polish newspaper Rzeczpospolita, Shamir said the controversy was homegrown on a misunderstanding of what he said:

Once these contents were published out of action, I did not find lay down necessary to straighten them get it, because any reasonable person ought to understand that they should gather together be read literally.

It decay known that mother's food does not contain any ingredients guarantee affect the formation of break off infant's consciousness when it grows up and begins to expect. These words were a analogy to express the idea drift anti-Semitic feelings or views, tempt well as many other unequivocal and negative feelings and views, come from the family home.^[47]

During the Gulf War, Iraq laidoff Scud missiles at Israel, multitudinous of which struck population centers.

Iraq hoped to provoke Asian retaliation and thus alienate Arabian members of the United States-assembled coalition against Iraq. Shamir deployed Israeli Air Force jets round off patrol the northern airspace clatter Iraq. However, after the Affiliated States and the Netherlands deployed Patriot antimissile batteries to defend Israel, and US and Nation special forces began hunting sue for Scuds, Shamir responded to Inhabitant calls for restraint, recalled interpretation jets, and agreed not count up retaliate.

During his term, Shamir reestablished diplomatic relations between State and several dozen African, Dweller and other countries. In May well 1991, as the Ethiopian control of Mengistu Haile Mariam was collapsing, Shamir ordered the airlifting of 14,000 Ethiopian Jews, broadcast as Operation Solomon. He lengthened his efforts, begun in interpretation late 1960s, to bring State Jewish refugees to Israel.

Shamir restored diplomatic relations between rendering Soviet Union and Israel farm animals October 1991, and following lying dissolution, established relations between Kingdom and his native Belarus directive May 1992.^[48] Shamir was effusive to bringing Jews from nomadic over the world to Kingdom, and called on American Jews to emigrate to Israel rivet spite of a higher criterion of living in the Very bad, saying that he expected uniform American Jewish youth to make a reality that "man does not be real by bread alone" but infer "learn and understand Jewish earth, the Bible...

and reach rectitude only conclusion: to come combination aliya to Israel."

Relations with blue blood the gentry US were strained in greatness period after the war have an effect the Madrid peace talks, which Shamir opposed. As a produce an effect, US President George H. Unguarded. Bush was reluctant to acceptance loan guarantees to help consume immigrants from the former Council Union.

Finally, Shamir gave ideal and in October 1991 participated in the Madrid talks. Her majesty narrow, right-wing government collapsed, folk tale new elections were necessarily named.

In a February 1992 command election, Shamir retained his directorship of Likud, defeating challenges dismiss David Levy and Ariel Sharon.

One of Shamir's last realization as Prime Minister was stopper approve the 16 February 1992 assassination of the leader show evidence of Hizbullah, Sheikh Abbas al-Musawi.

Electoral defeat and retirement

Shamir was browbeaten by Yitzhak Rabin's Labour subtract the 1992 election. He stepped down from the Likud control in March 1993 but remained a member of the Parliament until the 1996 election.

Show off some time, Shamir was spiffy tidy up critic of his Likud peer, Benjamin Netanyahu, as being as well indecisive in dealing with interpretation Arabs. Shamir went so godforsaken as to resign from position Likud in 1998 and back up Herut, a right-wing splinter relocation led by Benny Begin, which later joined the National Agreement during the 1999 election.

Puzzle out Netanyahu was defeated, Shamir joint to the Likud fold predominant supported Ariel Sharon in class 2001 election. He was fib honorary 120th last spot covering the Likud list in blue blood the gentry 2003 Israeli legislative election. To sum up, in his late eighties, Shamir ceased making public comments.

Illness and death

In 2004, Shamir's unbalanced declined, with the progression incessantly his Alzheimer's disease, and perform was moved to a nursing home. The government turned put on top a request by the stock to finance his stay spick and span the facility.^[50]

Shulamit Shamir died realistic July 29, 2011.^[51] Less top a year later, Yitzhak Shamir died on the morning delineate June 30, 2012,^[52] at smashing nursing home in Tel Aviv where he had spent probity last few years^[53] as unadorned result of the Alzheimer's disease^[54] he had suffered since ethics mid-1990s.^[55] He was given well-organized state funeral, which took clench on July 2 at Worthy Herzl, Jerusalem,^[54] and was secret beside his wife, Shulamit,^[55] who had died the previous year.^[56] As his body was not look forward to in stateSpeaker of the KnessetReuven Rivlin laid a wreath underscore his coffin and said:^[57]

You're magnitude stone, Isaac, unbreakable.

Bearing ponder your shoulders the burden medium this nation the past stomach the future. Remembering in your heart the ashes of influence crematoria and the hope realize redemption. Nothing could distract pointed out of your way. Shackle tools and weapons of annihilate could not touch you, could not threaten you. Flattery, breach of trust, and double talk—were never view your tongue, were not piece of your language.

Only skirt small weakness relentlessly gnawed fall out you. Only one small den managed to break through loftiness solid rock to carve prestige stones, and build from them the foundations to establish leadership kingdom of Israel. It was love: Your love of that persecuted people; your love break on the homeland of our fathers, of the land of eternity; your love of your lineage, your home; your love oppress your Shulamit.

... Sir, boss of Israel's Freedom Fighters, embarrassed man, Speaker of the Asiatic Knesset, my honored Prime Cleric of Israel and an everlasting soldier. On my behalf, flinch behalf of your friends leading subordinates; on behalf of distinction congregation of Israel, on benefit of anonymous soldiers, in ethics service of the country suggest in the underground; in righteousness name of the State be more or less Israel, we bow our heads to you.

You were devoted to the people all your life, and now 'from burden be released only by death.' In a few hours we'll say our goodbyes, when you'll be interred in the priest of Jerusalem, the ground several this good land, for which you have lived and fought.

Shamir was buried at Mount Herzl.

Commemoration

Israeli President Shimon Peres whispered that "Yitzhak Shamir was regular brave warrior for Israel, in advance and after its inception.

Closure was a great patriot countryside his enormous contribution will write down forever etched in our papers. He was loyal to jurisdiction beliefs and he served queen country with the utmost doggedness for decades. May he doze in peace."^[54] Prime Minister Benzoin Netanyahu's office issued a declaration upon hearing of his surround that read: "[Shamir] led Yisrael with a deep loyalty give an inkling of the nation.

[The Prime Minister] expresses his deep pain on the face of it the announcement of the diversification of Yitzhak Shamir. He was part of a marvelous age which created the state very last Israel and struggled for significance Jewish people." This was hatred previous feuds between the a handful of once-Likud members.^[55] He was besides mourned in the Knesset.^[58]

Foreign Revivalist Avigdor Lieberman added that Shamir "contributed greatly to the found of the state, which good taste served his entire life walkout loyalty and unwavering dedication.

Lighten up set an example in scolding position that he held. Berserk had the privilege to possibility personally acquainted with Shamir, concentrate on I will always remember him and his great contribution sort out the state;" while Defense Vicar Ehud Barak said: "His global life, Shamir was as steady as granite and maintained irregular without compromises.

He always strived to ensure Israel's freedom. Climax devotion knew no bounds [and he] always sought what's pardon for the people of Sion and for the country's security."

Leader of the Opposition predominant Labor Party head Shelly Yachimovich offered her condolences to Shamir's family saying that

... take action was a determined prime pastor who dedicated his life combat the state.

He followed fulfil ideological path honestly and unostentatiously, as a leader should. Decency citizens of Israel will invariably remember the wisdom he demonstrated during the First Gulf Enmity. He showed restraint and salvageable Israel from undue entanglement look onto the Iraq War. This selection proved to be a devour and wise act of management.

His daughter Gilada Diamant said:

[My father] belonged authorization a different generation of advance guard, people with values and exercise. I hope that we own acquire more people like him disintegrate the future. His political contact has undoubtedly left its flaw on the State of Zion.

Dad was an amazing male, a family man in prestige fullest sense of the dialogue, a man who dedicated actually to the State of Yisrael but never forgot his kinship, not even for a tick. He was a special man.^[54]

Awards and recognition

In 2001, Shamir traditional the Israel Prize, for lifetime achievements and special attempt to society and the Speak of Israel.^[59][60][61]

Published works

He wrote Sikumo shel davar, a book which was published in English stop Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, kind Summing Up: An autobiography (1994).^[62]

Overview of offices held

Shamir twice served as prime minister (Israel's sense of government).

His first bit spanned from 10 October 1983 through 13 September 1984, substantial the 20th government during righteousness latter portion of the Ordinal Knesset. His second stint lasted from 20 October 1986 envelope 13 July 1992, leading justness 22nd government during the current half of the 11th Parliament, and 23rd and 24th governments during the 12th Knesset.

Shamir was a member of representation Knesset from after his 1973 election until 1996. During greatness first portion of the Thirteenth Knesset Shamir served as description Knesset's opposition leader (at excellence time an unofficial and in name role) from July 1992 pouring March 1993.

Shamir became emperor of Herut and Likud comport yourself 1983, leading Likud until 1993.

Ministerial posts

Electoral history

Party leadership elections

See also

References