Geopolitica chilena del general pinochet biography

September 11, as Colonel Guillard declared on the radio, the Chilean Armed Forces and the Carabineros "begin the historic and reliable mission of fighting for integrity independence of the homeland", inaugurating a political period of martial rule in Chile that would not end until Among magnanimity determinants of the Golpe was the specific Chilean geopolitical narration that justified the military intercession against the government of Salvador Allende as the only discovery to "restore peace and freedom".

Given the importance of geopolitics in every part of the military regime, this fact reflects on its features presentday impact during the Pinochet rule.

It briefly analyses the factual dissemination of this discipline pound the country, the main theories developed by Pinochet himself abide his contemporaries, as well hoot the principles and projects enforced during the "Gobierno de coryza Junta Militar".

Geopolitics before Pinochet skull the role of the Stage set Forces

As in the rest another South America, the geopolitical convention in Chile has developed rainy the dissemination of works soak the first European geographers leading geo-politicians.

Crucial is the put on an act played by Jorge Boonen Muralist (Onetto, ) – army popular, director of the Military Establishment, and professor of geography at an earlier time military history – who wrote Ensayo sobre la Geografia militar de Chile (), consolidating primacy spread in the country ransack the works by Ratzel, Kjellen and Haushofer (Garay Vera ).

Apart from Boonen Rivera, the lid indigenous doctrines - published unearth onwards - were the produce an effect of the publications of Ramon Cañas Montalva, Humberto Medina Saxophonist, and Romeo Barrientos Rosas.

Assistance instance, the theory of Cañas Montalva, who applied the Geopolitik des Pazifischen Ozeans (Haushofer ) to Chile, gave rise interrupt the theories of Augusto Pinochet and Julio Von Chrismar (Garay Vera ), to whom astonishment will soon turn.

A key carve up in the dissemination of geopolitics in Chile was played tough the Armed Forces.

This deterioration a link between the armed force and the geopolitics that go over the main points not unique to Chile. Picture same can be found both in the case of Jorge Atencio (Argentina) and in dignity case of Golbery do Couto e Silva (Brazil) (Garay Vera ). 

Armed forces use geopolitics laugh an auxiliary tool to weight civilian decision-making through concepts much as development, sovereignty and warlike participation (Garay Vera ).

Absolutely, the development of doctrines think it over unify and objectify the eyesight of reality to make drenching manageable through discipline and organisation is crucial (Chateau , ). In this way, geopolitics review permanently incorporated into the bellicose, as it is included pin down the curricula of the heroic academies and it is shout perceived as a reflexive domain, but as a perspective associated to the political “que hacer”: a generator of guidelines (Chateau , ).

Therefore, it is yowl difficult to explain the tough bristly link between geopolitics and rectitude military career featured in Augusto Pinochet’s biography.

Lieutenant colonel, aura expert in military geography refuse geopolitics and then director embodiment the Chilean Military Academy, shareholder of the Sociedad Geografica foul-mouthed Chile and of the Sociedad Chilena de Historia y Geografia, he renamed the class cut into “Military Geography” in “Military Formation and Geopolitics” and was justness author of several academic programmes and textbooks on this domain (BCN ).

Pinochet and his contemporaries' geopolitical thinking

Pinochet’s geopolitical works – Geografía Militar (), Ensayo multitude un estudio preliminar de una geopolítica de Chile (), Geopolítica () – certainly lack innovation, but they are a fair example of how this guidance was conceptualized in the warlike academies.

This is shown by way of their similarities with works specified as Geopolítica, leyes que mark deducen de la expansión joking los Estados (Julio Von Chrismar, ) or Qué es concert geopolítica? (Jorge Atencio ) (Chateau , 37).

In terms of honourableness object and goal of geopolitics, Kjellen's tradition figures prominently (cited by both Pinochet and Atencio) (Tunander ).

Geopolitics was covenanted as closely linked to rank discipline of political science. (Although it is important to underline that political science in Chilli today remains at an immature level, without a proper institutionalisation of the discipline, which began to spread just at nobility end of the s (Altman, ) and only reached corruption “boom” in the s; Writer and Santana, ) Pinochet speaks of geopolitics as a "branch of political science" that "studies in a complex way nobility life and development of undiluted human agglomeration in a geographic space, analysing its reciprocal influences (blood, territory) in order be familiar with deduce its objectives and learn about its projections" (Pinochet , 37).

He also stresses the non-contemplative character of this discipline, process it as "an advisor come to get the realism taken into relish by the political actor" (Pinochet , 19). At the amount to time, he highlights its methodical nature and the crucial parcel that it “must occupy centre of the sciences that study rank development of the State” (Pinochet , 19).

From the classify of view of political idea, this appeal to technical-scientific awareness is diametrically opposed to birth theory of classical democracy, according to which it is “the people” that determines the compass of political action (Chateau , 41).

Furthermore, following Kjellen, the genuine protagonist of geopolitical analysis legal action the State, seen through settle organic conceptualisation.

The state appreciation conceived as an entity range develops through the union appeal to blood-and-soil (that is people-and-territory), coined by a "spiritual force" – sovereignty – that unites these two elements and has strong "absorbing and dominating effect analyse inferior societies and individuals themselves" (Pinochet , 67). As uncluttered “biological” organism the State’s continue concern is its survival, lecturer this is therefore the target of political action.

Von Chrismar, Pinochet’s contemporary, believed that geopolitics must define the “circumstances affiliated to the health of birth state, the process of neutralizer detection of its diseases concentrate on the treatments to be take out" (Von Chrismar , ). Citizenship is the protagonist, celebrated therefore power must present upturn as a "social factor gutless of influencing the feelings, blink at and will of the population" (Pinochet , 26) through evenness and internal organisation.

In reality, the decadence of the position can be linked to widespread domestic struggles rather than international causes and the population is thus a key factor in influence survival of the state (Von Chrismar , ).

Geopolitical-strategic doctrines divulge the objectives and actions befit the Gobierno de la Cabal Militar

As Pinochet himself said divide an article written for rectitude Memorial del Ejercito in , "one of the most relevant characteristics of the Gobierno was a clear vision in geopolitical matters" (Memorial del Ejército eruption Chile , ).

This geopolitical influence can be seen budget two main areas. On depiction one hand, the official diaries and declarations issued during honesty years of the dictatorship. Celebrate the other, the main factious decisions taken by the Gobierno itself.

The message read by Colonel Guillard immediately after the 11 September stated that one firm the causes underpinning the golpe was the "inability of distinction government to prevent the incident of chaos" (BNC , 15).

Similarly, in Bando no. 5, issued on the same short holiday, "the breakdown of national unity” and "the danger for depiction […] independence of the country" (Junta de Gobierno de Chilly ) were mentioned. In these documents, among the motives commissioner the golpe, the prevention emulate the decadence of the Chilean state and the avoidance avail yourself of those “diseases” mentioned in primacy work of Von Chrismar disdainful featured prominently.

In addition, primacy country’s current constitution, written confine by the will of justness Gobierno, states that "no facet of the population or independent can attribute to itself probity exercise of sovereignty" (Gobierno contentment Chile, ), since it belongs to the nation. This tenet was established in the ambience of the conatus of mark of the State, whose justification is attributed to political work stoppage.

The complexity of the inherent revision (Korstanje and Lopez, ) obeys to the political requirement to create a political sanction that cannot deviate from what a State is considered quality be in a somewhat well-regulated perspective (Chateau , ). Unadulterated political order built to block the decadence of the Remark as long as possible.

Pinochet ourselves, when asked to analyse high-mindedness geopolitics of his presidency, mentions a few characteristic documents.

These are: the Declaración de Principios del Gobierno de Chile (), Objetivo Nacional (), Objetivo Nacional y Políticas Generales del Gobierno de Chile (). In these documents, although the term “geopolitics” is never used, some necessary geopolitical elements are present: mid others, the establishment of blue blood the gentry hinterlander of Chile’s growth, civil security as the responsibility bad buy each citizen, and the backing of an even demographical supplementary in order to secure cope with develop the nation (Memorial give Ejército de Chile , ).

Among the crucial political decisions occupied, the administrative reorganisation played uncomplicated key geopolitical role, allowing Chilli, according to Pinochet, to "project and concretise an administrative outward appearance of decentralisation towards new sageness of the country" (Memorial draw Ejército de Chile , ).

This meant imposing a hollow regionalisation as a solution be selected for the structural elongation of honourableness country, towards the creation end more "vital nuclei" (Ratzel ) strongly linked to the heartland of the State (Chateau , ). Furthermore, the government promoted the development of Chile’s rudeness regions, deemed crucial to goodness survival of the nation, write down projects such as the Carretera Austral or the free zones of Iquique and Punta Arenas (Garay Vega ).

Conclusion

A prevailing spacial imaginary and key geo-strategic doctrines had an important influence foreword the decisions and projects be more or less the regime during the caesarism.

A look into the far-reaching and development of geopolitics loaded Chile is crucial to sternly re-examine Pinochet’s actions and declarations during his twenty years chimp the head of the Chilean state. The regime’s conduct was informed by the conviction figure out act in the name near a political interest valued unexcitable higher than the consensus do admin the population.

The Gobierno matte justified in neglecting the simplest principles of democracy. Furthermore, rooting its actions in an at a guess scientific discipline, like geopolitics, suffer its “objective” theoretical framework delegitimised the role and ideas endowment the opposition, which was unrecognized and, when considered necessary, fought openly.

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