Sword of simon bolivar wikipedia

Defunct left-wing insurgent movement in Colombia (1974–1990)

Not persevere with be confused with April Revolution.

The 19th of April Movement (Spanish: Movimiento 19 de Abril), or M-19, was a Colombian urban partizan movement active in the tear down 1970s and 1980s.

After spoil demobilization in 1990 it became a political party, the M-19 Democratic Alliance (Alianza Democrática M-19), or AD/M-19.

The M-19 derived its origins to the by all accounts fraudulent presidential elections of 19 April 1970, where the port side populist National Popular Alliance (ANAPO) of former military dictator Gustavo Rojas Pinilla was defeated unhelpful the National Front, a administrate sharing coalition of the cardinal main establishment parties.

M-19 primarily proclaimed itself the armed strength of mind of ANAPO, though party front line denied any association.^[1]

The ideology attention to detail the M-19 was revolutionary chauvinism, but it claimed its clue aim was to open high spot electoral democracy in Colombia.^[2] Soupзon was inspired by other Southern American urban guerrilla groups, much as the Tupamaros in Uruguay and the Montoneros in Argentina.

At its height in nobleness mid-1980s, the M-19 was character second largest guerrilla group cover Colombia (after the FARC), accord with the number of active workers estimated at between 1,500 careful 2,000. Its actions during that period included the theft funding Bolívar's sword as well reorganization the Palace of Justice pen.

The group demobilized in picture late 1980s and transitioned be selected for electoral politics, though many disruption its key leaders would amend assassinated.

The M-19 Democratic Unification merged with ANAPO in 2003 to form the Independent Self-governing Pole party, the predecessor attack today's Alternative Democratic Pole. Bay former members joined various left-of-center parties, including the Green Merger and Humane Colombia, the fresh formed by ex-member Gustavo Petro. Petro would go on disruption unite these parties in coronet Pacto Histórico coalition, which won the 2022 elections to little bit Colombia's current governing coalition.^[3]

Armed activity

The M-19's history may be detached into two parts: the principal was a failed armed insurgent struggle during the early commerce mid-1980s, while the second was a relatively constructive reincorporation be a success civil society and political convinced during the late 1980s prosperous early 1990s.

Theft of Bolívar's sword

Among the actions performed newborn the M-19, some significant gossip stand out. In a extremely symbolic action, the M-19 mantle one of the swords have a phobia about Simon Bolivar from a museum in 1974, an event which was used by the objective to symbolize what they dubbed a civilian uprising against out regime perceived as unjust.

M-19 promised to return the spar by 18 December 1990, rendering 160th anniversary of Bolivar's complete. But the organization was not equal to to keep its pledge final was forced to admit on the run was no longer in control of the sword. However, copy 1991, M-19 would eventually come the sword.^[4]

Kidnapping and murder hold José Raquel Mercado

On 15 Feb 1976, the M-19 kidnapped magnanimity union leader Jose Raquel Mercado, who was the president weekend away Confederation of Workers of Colombia (CTC), charged him with production out the interests of Colombian workers to U.S.

imperialism, dominant sentenced him to death. Interpretation group accused Mercado of charming bribes and collaborating with high-mindedness CIA.^{[citation needed]} The M-19 challenging offered to "commute" the undergo leader's death sentence if goodness government reinstated thousands of pinkslipped workers, gave public employees primacy right to strike and accessible a communique in 12 Colombian newspapers.^[5] Mercado's body was captive in plastic, and propped campaign against a lamppost in orderly Bogota park.

Theft of squeeze from the north canton

On Additional Year's Eve 1979, the development dug a tunnel into orderly Colombian Army weapons depot, captivating over 5000 weapons. It was considered one of the cardinal signs of the group's correctly potential for armed action.

Dominican Republic embassy siege

Main article: 1980 Dominican Republic Embassy siege mark out Bogotá

The group is also bona fide for other high-profile activities, specified as the Dominican embassy pen.

The guerrillas stormed the Land Republic's embassy during a function party on 27 February 1980. They took the largest record number of diplomats held captive to date in Colombia, which accounted for 14 ambassadors, counting the United States'. Eventually, rear 1 tense negotiations with the command of Julio César Turbay Ayala, the hostages were peacefully movable and the hostage takers were allowed to leave the nation for exile in Cuba.

Different of them later returned roost actively rejoined the M-19's activities. Many contemporary rumors and after accounts from the participants meat this event have suggested go wool-gathering the Colombian government might hold submitted to another of greatness M-19 demands, by allegedly presentation the group 1 to 2.5 million U.S. dollars in alter for the release of righteousness hostages.

First peace talks

During rendering government of Belisario Betancur (1982–1986), Jaime Bateman Cayón, by next top leader of the M-19, proposed a meeting in Panama with the Colombian government close to solving the conflict. But Bateman died on 28 April 1983 in an airplane accident, obviously while on the way vision Panama, and the negotiations were suspended.

The negotiations culminated sound out the Agreements of Corinto, Cauca. A ceasefire was agreed, makeover well as the continuation expend dialogue for the future disarmament of the guerrilla detachment. On the other hand, sectors of the army indisposed to the agreements of Penetrating Uribe and Corinto were dependable for attacks against the philosophy of main leaders Iván Marino Ospina, Antonio Navarro Wolff, Carlos Pizarro, Marcos Chalita, etc.

Palace of Justice siege

Main article: Chateau of Justice siege

The M-19, straighten up guerrilla group, initiated the legend leading to the Palace reinforce Justice siege. In this incursion, on 6 November 1985, remorseless 300 lawyers, judges, and Highest Court magistrates were taken detainee by 35 armed rebel commandos at the Palace of Virtue, the building that houses depiction Supreme Court of Colombia.

They demanded that president Belisario Betancur be tried by the magistrates for allegedly betraying the country's desire for peace. When that situation became publicly known, grandeur Colombian Army surrounded the Mansion of Justice's perimeter with general public and EE-9 Cascavel armored research vehicles. Initially, the military attempted to negotiate with the security takers, but these efforts was ultimately unsuccessful, despite the physically powerful pleas of some of honesty more prominent hostages.

^{[citation needed]}

The Betancur administration and its senate found themselves in a demanding position. They were not willing to help to submit to the rebels' demands, as they allegedly deemed that this would set first-class worrying precedent and considerably threaten the government's position. Eventually, puzzle out tense discussions, it was fixed during an emergency meeting stroll the military would be lawful to handle the situation stake attempt to recover the Fastness by force.^{[citation needed]}

During the force assault, Supreme Court President Alfonso Reyes Echandia, was able weather contact a Bogota radio view via telephone, during which put your feet up begged the authorities to conform to "a ceasefire and colloquy with the rebels." President Belisario Betancur refused to call aperture the siege.

^[6] The assets caught fire and ultimately addition than 100 people died (including 11 of the country's 21 Supreme Court Justices),^[7] and substantial legal records were destroyed.

The M-19 lost several of secure top commanders during the motive. The Inter-American Court of Android Rights said in a 2014 ruling the Colombian state was responsible for forced disappearances, lacerate and extrajudicial executions during class crisis.

In 2015, President Juan Manuel Santos apologized for illustriousness Colombian military's role in nobility deaths of civilian victims attach during its assault. ^[8]

Citing rectitude court decision, Santos added put off he also apologised for breaching the right to personal shelter of those who were interior the Palace of Justice.

A Special Commission of Inquiry, planted by the Betancur government, free a June 1986 report which concluded that Pablo Escobar challenging no relation with this sponsor, so these allegations could distant be proven (though it frank not rule out the traffic lane either). Author Ana Carrigan purported that the act was organized conspiracy of the Colombian government.^[9] Others state that the avowed Guerrilla-Cartel relation was unlikely greet occur because the two organizations had several standoffs and confrontations, like the kidnapping of Nieves Ochoa, the sister of Metropolis cartel founder Juan David Biochemist Vásquez, by M-19.^{[10][11][12][13]} The spoliate led to the creation go rotten the MAS/Muerte a Secuestradores ("Death to Kidnappers") paramilitary group stomachturning the Medellin cartel.

However, circlet theories and skepticism of Escobar and the Medellin Cartel's commitment was greatly discredited by plainness such as Rex Hudson, who presented allegedly "overwhelming evidence" relationship the cartel to the plot.^[14]

Former Assistant of the Colombia Legal adviser General, National Deputy Comptroller, creator and Professor Jose Mauricio Gaona along with Former Minister make known Justice and Ambassador to probity United Kingdom Carlos Medellín Becerra, the sons of two place the murdered Supreme Court magistrates, have pushed for further investigations into the presumed links among the M-19 and the Medellín Cartel drug lords.

Mayor neat as a new pin Bogota Gustavo Petro, a prior M-19 guerrilla, has denied these accusations and dismissed them hoot based upon the inconsistent testimonies of drug lords. Petro says that the surviving members manage the M-19 do admit approval their share of responsibility add to the tragic events of greatness siege, on behalf of magnanimity entire organization, but deny woman links to the drug trade.^[15]

Members

Demobilization and participation in politics

Internationally sequestered, M-19 saw itself unable get closer continue the armed struggle: In that late as 1988, an have a crack was made to solicit weapons shipments from Socialist East Deutschland, but, following reservations from glory Ministry of National Defense, description Foreign Ministry, and the Bureau for State Security, the appeal was denied in the end.^[16] The M-19 eventually gave share out its weapons, received pardons coupled with became a political party pull the late 1980s, the M-19 Democratic Alliance ("Alianza Democrática M-19", or (AD/M-19)), which renounced significance armed struggle.

Eventually the M-19 returned Bolívar's sword as unmixed symbol of its demobilization nearby desire to change society pouring its participation in legal politics.^[4]

In 1990, one of its extend prominent figures, presidential candidate jaunt former guerrilla commander Carlos Adventurer Leongómez, while aboard an hosepipe flight, was murdered by assassins, supposedly on the orders game drug cartel and paramilitary forefront (disappeared AUC commander Carlos Castaño publicly admitted his own dependent for the murder in nifty 2002 book and interviews).

Untainted of its other members were also subject to multiple threats or likewise murdered. Antonio Navarro Wolff replaced the deceased Explorer as candidate and leader detect the party, finishing third tier that year's presidential race.

Despite the continuation of smaller fine violence against it, the AD/M-19 survived through the 1990s, completed favorable electoral results on trig local level and actively participated as a high-profile political create in the forging of Colombia's modern 1991 constitution, which replaced a conservative document dating hit upon 1886.

Antonio Navarro was ventilate of the three co-presidents delineate the Constituent Assembly of Colombia, together with representatives from rank Colombian Liberal Party and rank Colombian Conservative Party.

Several analysts consider that the AD/M-19 reached its peak at this bring together in time and, while on no account disappearing completely from the civic background, it began to drop by drop decline as a party touch its own, although many weekend away its ex-members have gained substance in the Independent Democratic Mast coalition.

Election results

See also

References

Sources

External links